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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| P30AG064198 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute on Aging (NIA) | NIH |
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The present study will:
Aim 1: Enroll 15 family members of CA patients to (a) pilot recruitment procedures, (b) estimate retention, and (c) assess acceptability of study procedures.
Family members will be randomized to either complete an ICU diary or to a control condition, and will complete surveys in the ICU, at patient discharge, and 30 days post-discharge.
Aim 2: Obtain an estimate of the association of intervention v. control with (i) family member fear (operationalized as cardiac anxiety about the patients' cardiac condition) at hospital discharge and (ii) family member PTSS 30 days post-discharge.
Exploratory Aims: Obtain an estimate of the association of intervention v. control with family member aversive cognitions towards exercise at hospital discharge.
A cardiac arrest (CA) is a terrifying experience for patients, but maybe even more so for their loved ones. CA patients often have little to no memory of the CA and are often unconscious for substantial parts of their hospitalization, particularly their time in the intensive care unit (ICU) . In contrast, family members often witness all of these things, resulting in high levels of fear and psychological distress in family members. This phenomenon is so prevalent that it has been termed Post-Intensive Care Syndrome - Family (PICS - Family).
Critically, emotions are socially transmitted and memories are socially constructed. In this manner, family members can transmit their distress onto patients. Prior research has suggested that patients experiencing CA will develop memories of the CA event over time - potentially because they are trying to "fill in the gaps" in their memory. As such, family members may play a critical role in creating and cementing fear-based memories and distress in patients experiencing a CA. CA patients often report cardiac fear and preoccupation. This is not without consequence: fear-based distress, particularly early anxiety related to symptoms (e.g., rapid heartbeat) and markers for PTSS in other patient populations predicts reduced engagement in behavior necessary for secondary prevention (e.g., reduced physical activity) and increased morbidity and mortality. Distress in family members can also have an adverse impact on patients by undermining the capacity of family members to provide effective social support that can buffer patient distress.
A prior clinical trial found that family-authored diaries significantly reduced PTSS in family members (26.3% lower in intervention v. control conditions, 95% CI 4.8, 52.2) and trended towards a reduction in PTSS for patients (11.2% lower, 95% CI 15.7, 46.8). However, mechanisms of these effects were not examined, and no dyadic effects were tested. Furthermore, these previous diary studies have been conducted with the intention of sharing diaries with patients.
The present study will test the feasibility involving a similar Family-Authored ICU-diary intervention to reduce a proximal, dyadic mechanism: fear of CA in patients' family members. The target audience of the diary is thus family members, and patients will not see the diary unless the family member individually chooses to share it. The feasibility of targeting family member well-being alone is untested. The long-term goal is conducting a large scale randomized clinical trial (RCT) that tests whether a family-authored ICU diary can reduce fear of cardiac arrest in family members, and in turn, improve patients' mental wellbeing, health behaviors, and, ultimately, health outcomes.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| FAID Fear Intervention | Experimental | Family members of CA patients assigned to intervention will receive the ICU diary. |
|
| Control condition - Usual Care | No Intervention | Family members of CA patients assigned to usual care will not receive the ICU diary. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FAID Fear Intervention | Behavioral | Participants will receive a hard-cover diary, written instructions on diary completion, and a pen. A trained research assistant will meet with the participant face to face or via telephone and explain how to use the diary. Instructions will include recommended frequency for writing (at least twice a week) and tips on how to express themselves. Potential topics will also be addressed, including what to write about in the beginning, during the ICU, and after ICU discharge. The hard copy of the diary will remain with the family member participant, and they will be asked to continue writing in the diary at least until patient discharge from the hospital. Research assistants will check in with participants via weekly telephone calls to provide prompts to remind them to use the diary and support, as needed, if the participant reports difficulty in writing diary entries. These calls will last approximately 1-5 minutes and will continue until patient discharge from the hospital. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion of Eligible Family Members of Cardiac Arrest (CA) Patients Who Agree/Consent to Participate in the Pilot Study | This is to assess feasibility of recruitment. Potential family member participants whom the study team approaches and agree/consent to take part in the study will be tallied. Specifically, we divided the number of family member participants who enrolled in the study by the number of potential participants referred to the study (enrolled/referred). | Baseline (ICU admittance) |
| Proportion of Enrolled Family Members Who Complete the Pilot Study | This is to estimate/assess retention. Family members who remain in the study at the final assessment will be tallied. Specifically, we divided the number of family member participants who completed the study by the number of potential participants who did not complete the study (completed/did not complete). | 30 days post-discharge |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion of Family Members That Adhere to the Diary Intervention | This is to assess acceptability of study procedures. Family members who report completing at least 2 diary entries/week will be tallied. Specifically, we divided the number of family member participants in the diary intervention who adhered to the intervention by the number of participants who did not adhere to the intervention (adhered/did not adhere). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire Fear Subscale Score | This is to measure family members' cardiac anxiety about the patients' heart. Cardiac anxiety will be measured using the 8-item fear subscale of the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire and compared between intervention and control participants (higher scores indicate greater fear; 1 = never, 5 = always). Possible mean scores range from 1 to 5. | Hospital discharge (approximately 21 days), 30 days post-discharge |
Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Talea Cornelius, PhD, MSW, MS | Assistant Professor of Medicine | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CUIMC | New York | New York | 10032 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22080636 | Background | Davidson JE, Jones C, Bienvenu OJ. Family response to critical illness: postintensive care syndrome-family. Crit Care Med. 2012 Feb;40(2):618-24. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318236ebf9. | |
| 9107002 | Background | Gump BB, Kulik JA. Stress, affiliation, and emotional contagion. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997 Feb;72(2):305-19. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.72.2.305. |
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Explicit permission from participants to post de-identified data online was not obtained; rather, participants consented that, "Upon removal of identifiers from the dataset, data may be shared with other researchers." In accordance with recommendations for sharing raw clinical data for publication stating that it is ideal to obtain this consent, data are available only by request from the study PI.
Hrynaszkiewicz I, Norton ML, Vickers AJ, Altman DG. Preparing raw clinical data for publication: guidance for journal editors, authors, and peer reviewers. Bmj. 2010;340.
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The baseline/pre-intervention session was conducted in person or over the telephone. During the baseline/pre-intervention session, participants (1) provided verbal consent, (2) were randomized, and (3) completed baseline assessments.
The first participant enrolled on November 29, 2021, and the last enrolled on September 30, 2022. Follow-up sessions occurred between January 21, 2022-November 30, 2022.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | FAID Fear Intervention | Family members of CA patients assigned to intervention will receive the ICU diary. FAID Fear Intervention: Participants will receive a hard-cover diary, written instructions on diary completion, and a pen. A trained research assistant will meet with the participant face to face or via telephone and explain how to use the diary. Instructions will include recommended frequency for writing (at least twice a week) and tips on how to express themselves. Potential topics will also be addressed, including what to write about in the beginning, during the ICU, and after ICU discharge. The hard copy of the diary will remain with the family member participant, and they will be asked to continue writing in the diary at least until patient discharge from the hospital. Research assistants will check in with participants via weekly telephone calls to provide prompts to remind them to use the diary and support, as needed, if the participant reports difficulty in writing diary entries. These calls will last approximately 1-5 minutes and will continue until patient discharge from the hospital. |
| FG001 | Control Condition - Usual Care | Family members of CA patients assigned to usual care will not receive the ICU diary. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
One participant in the FAID Fear Intervention withdrew immediately after randomization, prior to completing baseline demographic assessments.
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | FAID Fear Intervention | Family members of CA patients assigned to intervention will receive the ICU diary. FAID Fear Intervention: Participants will receive a hard-cover diary, written instructions on diary completion, and a pen. A trained research assistant will meet with the participant face to face or via telephone and explain how to use the diary. Instructions will include recommended frequency for writing (at least twice a week) and tips on how to express themselves. Potential topics will also be addressed, including what to write about in the beginning, during the ICU, and after ICU discharge. The hard copy of the diary will remain with the family member participant, and they will be asked to continue writing in the diary at least until patient discharge from the hospital. Research assistants will check in with participants via weekly telephone calls to provide prompts to remind them to use the diary and support, as needed, if the participant reports difficulty in writing diary entries. These calls will last approximately 1-5 minutes and will continue until patient discharge from the hospital. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Proportion of Eligible Family Members of Cardiac Arrest (CA) Patients Who Agree/Consent to Participate in the Pilot Study | This is to assess feasibility of recruitment. Potential family member participants whom the study team approaches and agree/consent to take part in the study will be tallied. Specifically, we divided the number of family member participants who enrolled in the study by the number of potential participants referred to the study (enrolled/referred). | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Baseline (ICU admittance) |
|
Adverse events were monitored from baseline enrollment through the final assessment. For participants who completed the study this monitoring period ranged from 34 days to 151 days (Median = 46 days). For the two participants who completed the study, monitoring lasted for 0 days (one individual dropped out immediately after random assignment, the other dropped out when contacted at the end of hospital care and did not report any data/complete any assessments at this time).
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | FAID Fear Intervention | Family members of CA patients assigned to intervention will receive the ICU diary. FAID Fear Intervention: Participants will receive a hard-cover diary, written instructions on diary completion, and a pen. A trained research assistant will meet with the participant face to face or via telephone and explain how to use the diary. Instructions will include recommended frequency for writing (at least twice a week) and tips on how to express themselves. Potential topics will also be addressed, including what to write about in the beginning, during the ICU, and after ICU discharge. The hard copy of the diary will remain with the family member participant, and they will be asked to continue writing in the diary at least until patient discharge from the hospital. Research assistants will check in with participants via weekly telephone calls to provide prompts to remind them to use the diary and support, as needed, if the participant reports difficulty in writing diary entries. These calls will last approximately 1-5 minutes and will continue until patient discharge from the hospital. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Talea Cornelius | Columbia University Irving Medical Center | (212) 342-5503 | tmc2184@cumc.columbia.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Jul 5, 2022 | Mar 14, 2023 | Prot_000.pdf |
| SAP | No | Yes | No | Statistical Analysis Plan | Feb 26, 2021 | Mar 14, 2023 | SAP_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006323 | Heart Arrest |
| D003130 | Combat Disorders |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006331 | Heart Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D040921 | Stress Disorders, Traumatic |
| D000068099 | Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders |
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|
|
| Up to hospital discharge (approximately 21 days) |
| Proportion of Family Members That Complete the Majority of Survey Assessments | This is to assess acceptability of study procedures. Family members who complete at least 90% of survey assessments will be tallied. Specifically, we divided the number of family member participants who completed at least 90% of survey assessments by the number of family member participants who completed less than 90% of survey assessments (completed/did not complete). | Up to 30 days post-discharge |
| Proportion of Family Members That Agree That the Intervention Was Acceptable | As a measure of intervention acceptability, study will assess the proportion of participants who agree that the intervention was acceptable for reducing cardiac anxiety about the patient's heart using mean of the 4-item Acceptability of Intervention Measure (score >= 4; 1 = completely disagree, 5 = completely agree). Possible mean scores range from 1 to 5. Specifically, we divided the number of family member participants in the diary intervention who agreed the intervention was acceptable by the number of family member participants in the diary intervention who did not agree that the intervention was acceptable (acceptable/not acceptable). | 30 days post-discharge |
| Proportion of Family Members That Agree That the Intervention Was Feasible | As a measure of intervention acceptability, study will assess the proportion of participants who agree that the study was feasible using the mean of the 4-item Feasibility of Intervention Measure (score >= 4; 1 = completely disagree, 5 = completely agree). Possible mean scores range from 1 to 5. Specifically, we divided the number of family member participants in the diary intervention who agreed the intervention was feasible by the number of family member participants in the diary intervention who did not agree that the intervention was feasible (feasible/not feasible). | 30 days post-discharge |
| Proportion of Family Members That Agree That the Intervention Was Appropriate | As a measure of intervention acceptability, study will assess the proportion of participants who agree that the study was appropriate for reducing cardiac anxiety about the patient's heart using the 4-item Intervention Appropriateness Measure (score >= 4; 1 = completely disagree, 5 = completely agree). Possible mean scores range from 1 to 5. Specifically, we divided the number of family member participants in the diary intervention who agreed the intervention was appropriate by the number of family member participants in the diary intervention who did not agree that the intervention was appropriate (appropriate/not appropriate). | 30 days post-discharge |
| Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire Avoidance Subscale Score | This is to measure family members' aversive cognitions towards patients' exercise. Aversive cognitions towards exercise will be measured using the 5-item avoidance subscale of the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire and compared between intervention and control participants (higher scores indicate greater aversive cognitions; 1 = never, 5 = always). Possible mean scores range from 1 to 5. | Hospital discharge (approximately 21 days), 30 days post-discharge |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Score | This is to measure family members' posttraumatic stress symptoms in relation to the patients' cardiac arrest at discharge. Posttraumatic stress symptoms will be measured using the sum of the 20-item Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist cued to the CA-event and related hospitalization and compared between intervention and control participants. A score >=33 is considered a positive screen for PTSD (higher scores indicate greater PTSD symptoms; 0 = not at all, 4 = extremely). Possible total scores range from 0 to 80. | 30 days post-discharge |
| 29360060 | Background | Rossignac-Milon M, Higgins ET. Epistemic companions: shared reality development in close relationships. Curr Opin Psychol. 2018 Oct;23:66-71. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.01.001. Epub 2018 Jan 11. |
| 11755600 | Background | French CC. Dying to know the truth: visions of a dying brain, or false memories? Lancet. 2001 Dec 15;358(9298):2010-1. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07133-1. No abstract available. |
| 25482282 | Background | Rosman L, Whited A, Lampert R, Mosesso VN, Lawless C, Sears SF. Cardiac anxiety after sudden cardiac arrest: Severity, predictors and clinical implications. Int J Cardiol. 2015 Feb 15;181:73-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.115. Epub 2014 Nov 18. |
| 22745687 | Background | Edmondson D, Richardson S, Falzon L, Davidson KW, Mills MA, Neria Y. Posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence and risk of recurrence in acute coronary syndrome patients: a meta-analytic review. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38915. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038915. Epub 2012 Jun 20. |
| 29198138 | Background | Monane R, Sanchez GJ, Kronish IM, Edmondson D, Diaz KM. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and aversive cognitions regarding physical activity in patients evaluated for acute coronary syndrome. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018 Mar;25(4):402-403. doi: 10.1177/2047487317746255. Epub 2017 Dec 4. No abstract available. |
| Background | Rafaeli E, Gleason ME. Skilled support within intimate relationships. Journal of Family Theory & Review. 2009;1(1):20-37. |
| 30127664 | Background | Nielsen AH, Angel S, Egerod I, Hansen TB. The effect of diaries written by relatives for intensive care patients on posttraumatic stress (DRIP study): protocol for a randomized controlled trial and mixed methods study. BMC Nurs. 2018 Aug 16;17:37. doi: 10.1186/s12912-018-0306-y. eCollection 2018. |
| 30795978 | Background | Nielsen AH, Angel S, Egerod I, Lund TH, Renberg M, Hansen TB. The effect of family-authored diaries on posttraumatic stress disorder in intensive care unit patients and their relatives: A randomised controlled trial (DRIP-study). Aust Crit Care. 2020 Mar;33(2):123-129. doi: 10.1016/j.aucc.2019.01.004. Epub 2019 Feb 20. |
| BG001 | Control Condition - Usual Care | Family members of CA patients assigned to usual care will not receive the ICU diary. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex/Gender, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Language | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Health Insurance | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Education | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Income | This question was added partway through the study. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Relationship to Patient | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Live with Patient | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Relationship Length (Partners of Patients Only) | This was reported by partner of patients only. | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Proportion of Enrolled Family Members Who Complete the Pilot Study | This is to estimate/assess retention. Family members who remain in the study at the final assessment will be tallied. Specifically, we divided the number of family member participants who completed the study by the number of potential participants who did not complete the study (completed/did not complete). | Proportion of enrolled participants who remained in the study 30 days after the end of hospital care was calculated. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 30 days post-discharge |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Proportion of Family Members That Adhere to the Diary Intervention | This is to assess acceptability of study procedures. Family members who report completing at least 2 diary entries/week will be tallied. Specifically, we divided the number of family member participants in the diary intervention who adhered to the intervention by the number of participants who did not adhere to the intervention (adhered/did not adhere). | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Up to hospital discharge (approximately 21 days) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Proportion of Family Members That Complete the Majority of Survey Assessments | This is to assess acceptability of study procedures. Family members who complete at least 90% of survey assessments will be tallied. Specifically, we divided the number of family member participants who completed at least 90% of survey assessments by the number of family member participants who completed less than 90% of survey assessments (completed/did not complete). | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Up to 30 days post-discharge |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Proportion of Family Members That Agree That the Intervention Was Acceptable | As a measure of intervention acceptability, study will assess the proportion of participants who agree that the intervention was acceptable for reducing cardiac anxiety about the patient's heart using mean of the 4-item Acceptability of Intervention Measure (score >= 4; 1 = completely disagree, 5 = completely agree). Possible mean scores range from 1 to 5. Specifically, we divided the number of family member participants in the diary intervention who agreed the intervention was acceptable by the number of family member participants in the diary intervention who did not agree that the intervention was acceptable (acceptable/not acceptable). | Excludes participant who withdrew immediately following randomization. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 30 days post-discharge |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Proportion of Family Members That Agree That the Intervention Was Feasible | As a measure of intervention acceptability, study will assess the proportion of participants who agree that the study was feasible using the mean of the 4-item Feasibility of Intervention Measure (score >= 4; 1 = completely disagree, 5 = completely agree). Possible mean scores range from 1 to 5. Specifically, we divided the number of family member participants in the diary intervention who agreed the intervention was feasible by the number of family member participants in the diary intervention who did not agree that the intervention was feasible (feasible/not feasible). | Excludes one participant who withdrew immediately after randomization. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 30 days post-discharge |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Proportion of Family Members That Agree That the Intervention Was Appropriate | As a measure of intervention acceptability, study will assess the proportion of participants who agree that the study was appropriate for reducing cardiac anxiety about the patient's heart using the 4-item Intervention Appropriateness Measure (score >= 4; 1 = completely disagree, 5 = completely agree). Possible mean scores range from 1 to 5. Specifically, we divided the number of family member participants in the diary intervention who agreed the intervention was appropriate by the number of family member participants in the diary intervention who did not agree that the intervention was appropriate (appropriate/not appropriate). | Excludes one participant who withdrew immediately following randomization. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 30 days post-discharge |
|
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire Fear Subscale Score | This is to measure family members' cardiac anxiety about the patients' heart. Cardiac anxiety will be measured using the 8-item fear subscale of the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire and compared between intervention and control participants (higher scores indicate greater fear; 1 = never, 5 = always). Possible mean scores range from 1 to 5. | Excludes two participants who withdrew before completing assessments at the end of hospital care. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Hospital discharge (approximately 21 days), 30 days post-discharge |
|
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire Avoidance Subscale Score | This is to measure family members' aversive cognitions towards patients' exercise. Aversive cognitions towards exercise will be measured using the 5-item avoidance subscale of the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire and compared between intervention and control participants (higher scores indicate greater aversive cognitions; 1 = never, 5 = always). Possible mean scores range from 1 to 5. | Excludes two participants who did not provide data for these assessments. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Hospital discharge (approximately 21 days), 30 days post-discharge |
|
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Score | This is to measure family members' posttraumatic stress symptoms in relation to the patients' cardiac arrest at discharge. Posttraumatic stress symptoms will be measured using the sum of the 20-item Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist cued to the CA-event and related hospitalization and compared between intervention and control participants. A score >=33 is considered a positive screen for PTSD (higher scores indicate greater PTSD symptoms; 0 = not at all, 4 = extremely). Possible total scores range from 0 to 80. | Excludes two participants who did not provide data for this assessment. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | 30 days post-discharge |
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 10 |
| 0 |
| 10 |
| 0 |
| 10 |
| EG001 | Control Condition - Usual Care | Family members of CA patients assigned to usual care will not receive the ICU diary. | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 |
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| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
|
| Black or African American |
|
| White |
|
| More than one race |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| Some High School |
|
| High School/GED |
|
| Trade/Vocational School |
|
| Some College |
|
| Associate's Degree |
|
| College Degree |
|
| Graduate/ Professional Degree |
|
| $10,000 - $24,999 |
|
| $25,000 - $49,999 |
|
| $50,000 - $74,999 |
|
| $75,000 - $99,999 |
|
| $100,000 - $149,999 |
|
| $150,000 or more |
|
| Decline to Respond |
|
| Parent |
|
| Sibling |
|
| t-test, 2 sided |
| .86 |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) |
| 0.08 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -0.92 |
| 1.08 |
| Superiority |
| t-test, 2 sided |
| .75 |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) |
| 0.19 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -1.10 |
| 1.58 |
| Superiority |
| Superiority |
χ2(1) = 1.29 |
| A Fisher's Exact Test was conducted to compare the number of participants with a positive screen for PTSD symptoms (score >=33) to those who did not have a positive screen for PTSD symptoms (score < 33). | Fisher Exact | 1.00 | Superiority |