The Effect of Hypnotic Suggestion on Return to Work, Functioning, and Cognition Following Acquired Brain Injury or Concussion: A Randomized Controlled Trial
The Effect of Hypnotic Suggestion on Return to Work, Functioning, and Cognition Following Acquired Brain Injury or Concussion: A Randomized Controlled Trial
A recent randomized clinical trial (RCT) demonstrated large effects of hypnotic suggestion on working memory following acquired brain injury. However, no studies have investigated long-term effects (> 2 months) effects on return to work (RTW).
Therefore the aim is in a RCT to study the effect of hypnotic suggestion on RTW in employed individuals with acquired brain injury or concussion, that were referred to an out-patient municipal vocational rehabilitation center in Denmark.
Participants were randomized to a passive (treatment as usual), active comparison (a weekly treatment session of mindfullness-based stress reduction for four weeks) or intervention group (a weekly treatment session of targeted suggestion for four weeks).
Intention-to-treat analysis of the hypnosis effect on return to work within six months follow-up will be performed.
Results Participants (N=77) have accepted and participated in the study. Effect measures are to be analysed.
Introduction Hypnotic suggestion may be an effective treatment modality for cognitive sequelae following acquired brain injury and concussion. A recent RCT demonstrated large effects of hypnotic suggestion on working memory following acquired brain injury. Analyses of interview-data from that RCT also indicated large effects on sleep and Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs). Previous studies have similarly shown clinically notable effects in the cognitive domain, although these have some methodological shortcomings. While stroke and concussion patients exhibit non-impaired responsiveness to hypnotic suggestion, there is little literature on the effect of hypnotic suggestion on concussion patients. In a non-controlled study, it was found that vertigo was completely removed following 1-10 sessions of hypnosis in 63 out of 108 concussed patients and that vertigo was reduced in further 17 patients leaving only 28 (one in four) with no effect. In another smaller non-controlled study on patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI), large effects on fatigue, anxiety, and depression were found. While the investigators have speculated about the mechanisms underlying the effect, the current goal of this research program is to provide the empirical basis for a verdict on whether hypnotic suggestion can be recommended for clinical practice. This is a pressing issue since brain injuries (stroke and TBI) constitute the world's second-most expensive health-related disability.
Long-term effects on everyday outcome measures is of utmost importance in clinical settings. However, no studies have investigated long-term (> 2 months) effects on Return to Work, participation in society, or fatigue, and only one high-quality RCT has been conducted. Here, the investigators present the protocol for an RCT that aims to fill in these gaps. The present protocol is an effectiveness study in a vocational-rehabilitation setting, but in other respects, it closely replicates the efficacy study by the primary investigator.
Objectives Estimate the effect of hypnotic suggestion on short- and long-term effects on Return to Work, participation in society, fatigue, and cognition. Given the promising findings in previous studies, the investigators hypothesize that hypnotic suggestion has positive effects in each of these domains.
Methods (setting) All patient activities take place at an out-patient municipal vocational rehabilitation center in Denmark, including recruitment, testing, and treatment. The center specifically offers support to increase labor market attachment.
Methods (recruitment) Potential participants were recruited from two departments in the vocational rehabilitation center: (1) a department specializing in citizens with brain-injury, concussion, whiplash, and related conditions. (2) A more general department which serviced a high rate of participants who had suffered a concussion. In both departments, the staff handed out participant information materials to all citizens who met inclusion 1-3 (age, etiology, and vocational history). The participants could optionally consent to giving their contact details to the project, contact the project by themselves, or decline. The first point of contact with the project was an oral information. The participant was given three days to consider consenting, though all participants made the decision immediately. After an initial screening by a project assistant, a list of eligible participants was sent to a dedicated non-blinded "coordinator" who randomly assigned participants to the groups while monitoring the balance between groups.
Methods (Sequence generation)
The coordinator used a computerized random sequence generator to assign participants to the three intervention groups. A practical constraint (unknown by the testers) was that a hypnotist should have exactly 5 participants in a day, if any. The procedure for randomization was:
When there were 5+ screened participants, assign random numbers to the participants and allocate the participants with the lowest 5 numbers to a "general intervention group" and the rest to the passive control group. Then assign new random numbers to the intervention-allocated participants and assign the participants with the lowest N numbers to SBCR and the others to mindfulness. N is the number that would make the two intervention groups equal in size in the full dataset.
If the number of passive controls exceeded the intervention groups, allocate 10 participants to the "general intervention group" and proceed cf. above. If the number of passive controls lacked the number in each intervention group, assign all participants to the passive control condition.
Methods (Implementation and blinding) A dedicated project assistant (the "coordinator") allocated participants, informed them of their allocation, and booked a hypnotist. The participants only knew that there was a "hypnosis" and a "control" group but were blind to the fact that there were, in fact, two hypnosis groups. Participants were encouraged to only disclose their allocation with close peers that were not at the vocational center. The testers, center staff, principal investigator, data analysts, and other professionals were unaware of the allocation throughout the study.
The allocation was saved at a secure server which only the coordinator had access to. The blinding was lifted when the last participant had had the 6-month follow-up test.
The coordinator and hypnotists were unaware of the testing results. Participants were given a brief overview of their testing results upon completion of the 6-months follow-up.
Blinding could be lifted for a single participant in case of serious side effects. If the side effect was serious enough to warrant halting the study, all blinding would be lifted to identify at-risk participants. The participants reported no serious side effects, so this procedure was never exercised.
Methods (Data management) All questionnaire data were entered electronically to ensure data quality and completeness. Computerized tests were saved in csv files by the program. In-person administered tests were recorded in dedicated scoring sheets and then entered digitally. The testers saved all screening- and outcome data to a secure server, which only the testers had access to.
Methods (Analysis) Intention-to-treat analysis of the hypnosis effect on return to work within six months' follow-up will be performed. The statistical software package Stata will be used.
Ethics The study was approved by the regional ethics committee (The North Denmark Region), journal number N-20170022. Any participant-facing changes to the study were approved there. Participants always completed on the protocol they started.
The consent was collected by the tester role in the "screening" section of the participant flow. The participant received written participant information in advance and an in-person oral information which briefly repeated the written materials and opened for discussion. Participants were given three days to consider whether to consent, though all participants decided immediately. The written consent was stored in a locker to which only testers had access.
Declaration of interest The authors declare no financial interest in the study.
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