This proposed research is relevant to human health because preemptive clinical pharmacogenetic testing may improve the personalization of drug therapy which should improve patient outcomes. Better understanding of the effectiveness and feasibility of preemptive clinical pharmacogenetic testing will inform when and how this innovative healthcare technology is implemented into clinical care. To ensure equitable dissemination in all patient populations, such data is also needed in racial minorities and other traditionally underserved populations. The combined proposed research are relevant to the parts of the NIH's mission pertaining to protecting and improving health and developing scientific human resources that will ensure the Nation's capability to prevent and treat disease.

Preemptive pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing may be particularly beneficial in medically underserved populations by reducing the number of appointments required to optimize drug therapy and increasing the effectiveness of less expensive off-patent medications - the type most often with pharmacogenetic guidelines available (PGx drugs). However, there is little data available to guide clinical implementation in these patient populations. Our long-term goal is to contribute toward the efficient implementation of PGx into clinical practice to improve the precision of medication prescribing. The overall objective for this application is to identify PGx drug usage patterns in medically underserved patients, and assess the feasibility and effectiveness of preemptive PGx testing in this patient population. The central hypothesis is that medically underserved patients are prescribed more PGx drugs, and preemptive PGx testing is feasible as well as effective in improving patient medication satisfaction. The rationale for the proposed research is that identifying patient populations that can most benefit from PGx testing will facilitate clinical implementation that may reduce medication treatment disparities.

The investigators plan to test the central hypothesis and accomplish the overall objective of this application by pursuing three specific aims. The first aim is to identify clinical, demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with PGx drug prescribing patterns in a large, real-world, diverse patient population. The investigators will accomplish this aim by comparing clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic data with prescription data from millions of patients across the State of Florida. The second aim is to develop a low-cost, ancestrally inclusive PGx testing panel designed to inform commonly used PGx drugs. The investigators will design a low-cost, clinically validated panel that will include variants common in racial minorities in the U.S. The investigators plan to leverage extensive batching of tests and an already available genotyping platform that minimizes labor costs in order to achieve significant cost savings. The third aim is to determine the feasibility of low-cost preemptive PGx testing in a medically underserved population as well as its effect on patient medication satisfaction. The investigators will accomplish this aim by completing a randomized open-label clinical trial comparing medically underserved patients receiving preemptive PGx testing to those receiving usual care. The investigators will compare key implementation metrics and will also conduct semi-structured interviews in both patients and healthcare providers to assess PGx perceptions of feasibility and sustainability from stakeholders.

The proposed research is significant because it should contribute valuable preliminary data toward both the real-world effectiveness of preemptive PGx testing as well as the feasibility of studying and implementing this technology in medically underserved patients - an area of PGx research where few data are available. The proposed research is innovative because this project will utilize additional demographic and socioeconomic data that, with along with clinical data, should better identify patient populations most likely to benefit from PGx testing and allow focused of implementation efforts to those populations. Ultimately, the investigators expect to have developed valuable data identifying patients most likely to benefit from preemptive PGx testing, particularly in patients who are medically underserved and/or members of racial minorities. These results should have an important positive impact because they can inform further clinical implementation efforts of PGx as well as future large clinical trials of preemptive testing, ideally reducing healthcare disparities in the field of precision medicine.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults > 18 years of age
• at least 3 active prescriptions documented within medical records
• Experienced a change to an active prescription within the past 8 months, defined by:
• Addition of a new medication
• Change in the dose of a current medication
• Diagnosis of any condition that could be treated with a medication that can be informed by the pharmacogenetic testing panel.

This will likely include:

• generalized depression or anxiety disorder
• gastroesophageal reflux disorder
• erosive esophagitis
• gastric ulcer
• acute coronary syndrome
• chronic pain
• surgery (orthopedic, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular etc.)
• osteoarthritis
• Dyslipidemia
• Heart failure
• Deep vein thrombosis
• Atrial fibrillation
• Moderate to severe trauma
• stroke
• hypercholesterolemia
• conditions requiring chronic anticoagulation

Exclusion Criteria:

• Any history of previous pharmacogenetic testing
• Any medical condition that would prohibit the ability to answer study questions
• History of Allogenic stem cell or liver transplant
• History of chronic kidney dialysis
• Life expectancy less than 12 months