Pain is a major problem in Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Adequate pain management not only means decreasing the pain intensity, but also improving the functionality and allowing the early mobilization that is a prerequisite for improving recovery and decreasing the risk of complications in ICU. The complex problems involved in pain, analgesic interventions, and outcome have been emphasized in several surveys over the past decades, but apparently with only small improvements, despite the existence of several guidelines for perioperative pain management.

Regional analgesia techniques (peripheral and neuraxial nerve blocks) have the potential to decrease the physiological stress response to trauma or surgery, reducing the possibility of surgical complications and improving the outcomes. Recent studies suggested that surgical and trauma ICU patients receive opioid-hypnotics continuous infusions to prevent pain and agitation that could increase the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic neuropathic pain symptoms, and chronic opioid use. Also they may reduce the total amount of opioid analgesics necessary to achieve adequate pain control and the development of potentially dangerous side effects. The use of the regional anesthesia technique in the ICU, however, can, in part, be limited by the presence of hemodynamic instability, bleeding diathesis, and by the fear of the performing procedures potentially associated with significant side effects in heavily sedated patients.

Although regional anesthesia emerges as a new and very interesting player for pain management in ICU, today very few data exists about the use of RA (including PNB and neuraxial nerves blocks) by the practicians in ICU/stepdown units. The main objective of this study is to assess the use of RA for pain management both initiates in the operative room for surgical patients then transferred in ICU/stepdown units and performs directly by the practicians in ICU/stepdown units, in several french units.

Taken together, previous data indicate that regional anesthesia emerges as a new and very interesting player for pain management in ICU.

Because very few data exist about the use of RA (including PNB and neuraxial nerves blocks) by the practicians in ICU we, therefore, design this multicentric professional practice evaluation to :

• (1) , assess the use of RA in ICU/stepdown units but initiates by anesthesiologist in the operative room
• (2) , assess the use of RA in ICU/stepdown units directly perform by practicians in ICU
• (3) , describe the type, modalities and indications of RA performed

This study will have no effect on the management of the ICU/stepdown units patients.

Inclusion Criteria:

○ All medical, surgical, and trauma patients hospitalized in the participating centers and receiving RA during the one-week study period.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Opposition to the processing of personal data
• Age <18 years old
• Absolute contraindications to the perform RA
• Previous hypersensitivity or anaphylactic reaction to local anesthetics
• Patient under a tutelage measure or placed under judicial protection

All medical, surgical, and trauma patients hospitalized in the participating centers and receiving RA during the one-week study period.