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This randomized controlled trial tested the effect of culturally tailored and standard electronic secure messages and mailings from patients' primary care physicians to encourage COVID-19 vaccination among adults aged 65 and older.
This randomized controlled trial tested the effect of culturally tailored and standard electronic secure messages and mailings from patients' primary care physicians to encourage COVID-19 vaccination among adults aged 65 and older. Patients who had not received a COVID-19 vaccination or appointment after previous outreach attempts were randomized to receive (a) an electronic secure message and/or mail outreach from their PCP, (b) similar outreach with additional culturally tailored content, or (c) usual care. The primary outcome was receipt of COVID-19 vaccination during the 8 weeks after the initial study outreach date.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard PCP Outreach | Experimental | These patients were sent standard outreach messages to promote COVID-19 vaccination. |
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| Culturally Tailored PCP Outreach | Experimental | These patients were sent messages similar to those in the Standard PCP Outreach Group, but with additional culturally tailored content. |
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| Usual Care | No Intervention | These patients were not sent the above study outreach messages, but may have received other messages from their local medical centers or counties. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard PCP Outreach | Behavioral | These patients were sent two study outreach messages. Study Outreach 1 was an electronic secure message sent on behalf of the PCP, encouraging COVID-19 vaccination and designed based on behavioral science principles. Letters were sent to patients who had not signed up for the electronic health record portal. Study Outreach 2 was a postcard sent to all patients who had not been vaccinated or made an appointment by four weeks after Study Outreach 1. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Days to COVID-19 vaccination | Days to COVID-19 vaccination | During the 8 weeks after Study Outreach 1 was sent |
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Inclusion Criteria:
-
Exclusion Criteria:
Received COVID-19 vaccine prior to Study Outreach 1.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Tracy Lieu, MD | The Permanente Medical Group | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaiser Permanente Northern California | Oakland | California | 94612 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 35713906 | Derived | Lieu TA, Elkin EP, Escobar PR, Finn L, Klein NP, Durojaiye C, Prausnitz S, Quesenberry CP, Sawyer D, Teran S, Goler N, Parodi SM, Chen YI. Effect of Electronic and Mail Outreach From Primary Care Physicians for COVID-19 Vaccination of Black and Latino Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jun 1;5(6):e2217004. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.17004. |
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Deidentified data will be shared on submission of a protocol approved by the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Institutional Review Board or Research Determination Official, and contingent on appropriate data sharing agreement being completed.
December 1, 2022 through December 1, 2024
Deidentified data will be shared on submission of a protocol approved by the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Institutional Review Board or Research Determination Official, and contingent on appropriate data sharing agreement being completed.
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Telephone interviewers were blind to study group assignment.
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| Culturally Tailored PCP Outreach | Behavioral | These patients were sent messages similar to those in Standard PCP Outreach, but with additional culturally tailored content and photos. |
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