Medical teams work in demanding situations that are often uncertain, changeable and require accurate decision-making, skilled movement and coordinated action. How teams perform matters for patient outcomes. In addition to medical expertise, how individuals and the team collectively respond and manage the psychological stress of the situation has a significant impact on performance. One approach, which attempts to explain the facilitating and debilitating effects of stress on performance is the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat. A challenge state occurs when perceived personal resources meet or exceed the situation's demands, whereas threat occurs when demands exceed resources. Challenge states have been consistently associated with improved performance in a range of environments and activities, including medical settings. In a recent study conducted during a national simulation-based training event for residents (the SIMCUP Italia 2018) it was found that a high level of resources is associated with better performance until demands become very high. The present study builds on previous work to explore how challenge and threat states are linked to performance. It includes a more recently developed and robust measure of demands and resource appraisals. In addition, secondary aims include the exploration of how psychological variables, specifically cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, self-confidence and social identity (connection with other members of the medical team) are linked to challenge and threat and performance. Understanding the psychological determinants of performance in critical care can provide the basis for individual and team-based interventions to improve critical care team performance.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Learners of the European Trauma Course in Italy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age < 18 years

The study population will include all the learners attending the European Trauma Course in Italy, independently from their previous work experience and educational background