surgeons stopped doing procedures

Open gynecologic surgery can be very painful. With the goal of minimizing the use of opioids (with undesired side effects and potential for abuse), the investigators often administer a type of peripheral nerve block in which the investigators put local anesthetic-or, numbing medicine-near the nerves that go to the surgical area which helps to numb the area and decrease pain following surgery. These blocks with a single-injection of local anesthetic are called erector spinae plane (ESP) blocks, and they are applied on each side of the body since each injection affects only that one side. However, the numbing medication typically lasts for only 16-20 hours. For other peripheral nerve blocks, this duration can be increased with the insertion of a catheter-a tiny tube smaller than a piece of spaghetti-followed by an infusion of additional local anesthetic. However, the effects of the various peripheral nerve blocks are determined by the anatomy and physiology of the specific peripheral nerve, with an infusion resulting in dramatic benefits for one nerve yet having no effect for another. The potential benefits and risks of adding a catheter and subsequent local anesthetic infusion to a single-injection ESP block remain unknown. The investigatorstherefore propose a randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled, split-body clinical trial to determine the potential benefits and risks of adding the infusion to single-injection ESP blocks.

Open gynecologic surgery can be significantly painful. With the goal of minimizing the use of opioids (with undesired side effects and potential for abuse), the investigators frequently administer bilateral single-injection erector spinae plane (ESP) blocks which help to numb the surgical area and decrease postoperative pain. However, the numbing medication typically lasts for only 8-18 hours. For other peripheral nerve blocks, this duration can be increased with the insertion of a percutaneous catheter-a tiny tube smaller than a piece of spaghetti-followed by an infusion of additional local anesthetic. However, the effects of the various peripheral nerve blocks are determined by the anatomy and physiology of the specific peripheral nerve, with an infusion resulting in dramatic benefits for one nerve yet having no effect for another. The potential benefits and risks of adding a catheter and subsequent local anesthetic infusion to a single-injection ESP block remain unknown.

The investigators therefore propose a randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled, split-body clinical trial to determine the potential benefits and risks of adding the infusion to single-injection ESP blocks. Patients undergoing gynecologic surgery via a low transverse (Pfannenstiel) incision who already have bilateral ESP blocks as part of their analgesic plan will be offered enrollment. Participants will have bilateral catheters inserted through the same block needles used for their single-injections, followed by perineural administration of bupivacaine on one side and normal saline on the other (determined randomly and in a triple-masked fashion).

This will be a single-center, randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled, split-body human subjects clinical trial.

Enrollment. Participants will be consenting adults undergoing open gynecologic surgery via a low transverse incision. Study inclusion will be proposed to eligible patients prior to surgery. If a patient desires study participation, written, informed consent will be obtained using a current Institutional Review Board-approved informed consent form. The study population of interest includes women of all races and socioeconomic status. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in section #10 below. Of note, the investigators will be using local anesthetic, perineural catheters, and infusion pumps as approved/cleared by the Food and Drug Administration and do not plan to research a possible change of indication or use of these medications/devices as part of this research project.

Preoperative Procedures. Following written, informed consent, the investigators will record baseline anthropometric information (age, sex, height, and weight) that is already provided by all patients having surgery. Participants will have a peripheral intravenous catheter inserted, standard noninvasive monitors applied, supplemental oxygen administered via a nasal cannula or face mask, and positioned sitting. Intravenous midazolam and fentanyl will be titrated for patient comfort, while ensuring that patients remain responsive to verbal cues. The area of insertion will be sterily prepared and a clear, sterile, fenestrated drape applied. In the sitting position and with ultrasound guidance, after subcutaneous local infiltration with lidocaine- a 17g Tuohy and 5-10 ml of saline with 1:200,000 epinephrine will be used to identify the correct plane, as defined by a hyperechoic shadow of the 10th transverse process and erector spine muscle immediately superficial. Once appropriate needle tip location is confirmed, a perineural catheter will be inserted under ultrasound guidance. This procedure will be repeated on the contralateral side.

Following negative aspiration, 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 of epinephrine will be injected via both catheters with sonographic confirmation of local anesthetic spread. Blocks will be considered successful if, within 30 minutes, the participant experiences decreased sensation to cold temperature over the level of the ipsilateral 10th thoracic dermatome at the level of anterior axillary line. Failed blocks/catheters will be successfully replaced or the participant withdrawn from the study.

Treatment Group Assignment. The right-sided catheter will be randomized to one of two treatment groups: bupivacaine 0.25% or normal saline ("study infusate"). The contralateral side will receive the other possible study infusate (either bupivacaine 0.25% or normal saline). Therefore, each participant will receive both treatments-one on each side-and act as their own control.

Randomization will be stratified for benign vs. malignant surgical indication, in block sizes of 4. The randomization list will be created by the University of California San Diego Investigational Drug Service. Investigational pharmacists will prepare all study solutions as determined by the randomization list. Bupivacaine and normal saline are indistinguishable in appearance, and therefore investigators, participants, and all clinical staff will be masked to treatment group assignment for the duration of the enrollment and data collection period. Unmasking will not occur until statistical analysis is complete (termed "triple masking").

Study intervention. Perineural study infusate administration will be initiated within the operating or recovery rooms. Both infusion pumps will be programmed to deliver a basal infusion of 1 mL/h and an automatic intermittent bolus of 20 mL every 4 hours. This dose of bupivacaine is well-within the standard maximum dose at our institution for perineural local anesthetic administration for other truncal locations such as the paravertebral space. No patient-controlled bolus dose will be included. For any cases of inadvertent premature catheter dislodgement, the subject may opt to have the catheter replaced.

Perineural catheters will be removed by healthcare providers upon study infusate reservoir exhaustion (approximately 50 hours) or just prior to hospital discharge-whichever comes first.

Postoperative analgesics. In addition to the perineural study infusate, subjects will receive standard-of-care oral and intravenous postoperative analgesics which can include acetaminophen, ibuprofen, gabapentin, and opioids (this is surgeon- and patient-dependent). Therefore, all patients of this study-regardless of the treatment arm they are randomized to-will continue to receive current usual and customary analgesia: all will receive the same combination of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, gabapentin, opioids, and a single-injection erector spinae plane block as they would regardless of study participation.

Outcome measurements (end points). The investigators have selected outcome measures that have established reliability and validity, with minimal inter-rater discordance, and are recommended for pain-related clinical trials by the World Health Organization and the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT) consensus statement. All data collection will be through standard UCSD nursing/therapy EPIC notes and patient interviews in-person during hospitalization or via a telephone call. All pain scores will be recorded for each side of the body (trunk) at each time point, measured using the Numeric Rating Scale.

The overall objective of the proposed research is to determine the risks and benefits of adding a continuous erector spinae plane (ESP) block to a single-injection ESP in patients undergoing open gynecologic surgery via a low transverse incision.

Specific Aim 1: To determine the risks and benefits of adding a continuous ESP block to a single-injection ESP the day following open gynecologic surgery.

Hypothesis 1.1: Analgesia will be improved the day following surgery with the addition of a continuous ESP block as measured with the Numeric Rating Scale ("average" pain included in the Brief Pain Inventory pain domain) [primary end point].

Hypothesis 1.2: Breakthrough pain will be decreased the day following surgery with the addition of a continuous ESP block as measured with the Numeric Rating Scale ("worst" pain included in the Brief Pain Inventory pain domain).

Hypothesis 1.3: Pain during coughing will be decreased the day following surgery with the addition of a continuous ESP block as measured with the Numeric Rating Scale.

Specific Aim 2: To determine the risks and benefits on postoperative day 2 of adding a continuous ESP block to a single-injection ESP following open gynecologic surgery.

Hypothesis 2.1: Analgesia will be improved on postoperative day 2 with the addition of a continuous ESP block as measured with the Numeric Rating Scale ("average" pain included in the Brief Pain Inventory pain domain).

Hypothesis 2.2: Breakthrough pain will be decreased on postoperative day 2 with the addition of a continuous ESP block as measured with the Numeric Rating Scale ("worst" pain included in the Brief Pain Inventory pain domain).

Hypothesis 2.3: Pain during coughing will be decreased on postoperative day 2 with the addition of a continuous ESP block as measured with the Numeric Rating Scale.

Analysis Approach Baseline characteristics by randomized side (bupivacaine to the left vs bupivacaine to the right) will be summarized with means, standard deviations, and quartiles. Balance between groups will be assessed. Specifically, standardized differences will be calculated using Cohen's d whereby the difference in means or proportions is divided by the pooled standard deviation estimates. Any key variables (age, sex, height, weight, and BMI) with an absolute standardized difference >0.78 (with 1.96×√(2/12.5)=0.78 [with a sample size of 25, the investigators expect about 12.5 randomized to left vs right]) will be noted and included in a linear regression model to obtain an estimate of the treatment effect adjusted for the imbalanced covariate(s). If residuals from the linear regression indicate violations of key assumptions (i.e. homoscedasticity or Gaussian distribution), data transformations and/or alternative generalized linear models will be applied as appropriate. If no imbalance is detected, the primary analysis will proceed by a one-sample Wilcoxon test applied to the difference between paired observations (bupivacaine minus saline). Secondary outcomes will also be analyzed by one-sample Wilcoxon test, or linear models (or generalized linear models) as appropriate to adjust for any imbalanced covariates.

The primary analysis will exclude patients from the analysis if their low transverse incision is unexpectedly converted to a vertical incision following randomization. The investigators will compare the characteristics of these excluded participants compared to the primary analysis population, and also report results for the full intention-to-treat population (all randomized participants).

Gatekeeping strategy Hypotheses will be tested with strong control of the familywise error rate at 5%.

Testing begins with a single primary hypotheses H11. If this test is significant at the 0.05 level, that alpha is passed on to other hypotheses. For example, if the p-value for H12 is less than 0.025, but the p-value for H13 is not, then H13 can be tested at the 0.025 + 0.025/2 = 0.0375 level. If both H12 and H13 are rejected, no alpha is spent, and the investigators go on to similarly test H21, H22, and H23. If a given test does not reach local significance, alpha is spent and cannot be passed along to hypotheses.

Simulated Power for NRS Power is estimated by simulations assuming a minimum clinically meaningful effect: NRS difference scores (bupivacaine minus saline, with negative scores favoring bupivacaine) are distributed with a median of -1 and interquartile range (IQR) -3 to 0. This IQR for a bilateral difference is consistent with unilateral IQRs (6 to 6 and 7 to 7) reported in Boules et al. (2020). A sample size of n=25 individuals would provide 84% power to detect such an effect with two-sided α=0.05.

Along with cancelled surgeries and drop-out cases, the investigators anticipate requiring the consenting of 35 subjects to produce a data set consisting of a minimum of 25 subjects to be included in the final analysis.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Undergoing open gynecologic surgery via a low transverse incision;
2. Analgesic plan includes bilateral single-injection ESP blocks; and
3. Age 18 years or older.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Morbid obesity as defined by a body mass index > 40 (BMI=weight in kg / [height in meters]2);
2. Renal insufficiency (abnormal preoperative creatinine or eGFR );
3. Chronic opioid use (daily use within the 2 weeks prior to surgery and duration of use > 4 weeks);
4. History of opioid abuse;
5. Any comorbidity which results in moderate or severe functional limitation;
6. Inability to communicate with the investigators or hospital staff;
7. Pregnancy;
8. Planned intrathecal opioids;
9. Incarceration;
10. Known allergy to any study medication; and
11. Any contraindication to perineural catheter insertion (e.g., infection at the catheter insertion site).

The randomization list will be created by the University of California San Diego Investigational Drug Service. Investigational pharmacists will prepare all study solutions as determined by the randomization list. Bupivacaine and normal saline are indistinguishable in appearance, and therefore investigators, participants, and all clinical staff will be masked to treatment group assignment for the duration of the enrollment and data collection period. Unmasking will not occur until statistical analysis is complete (termed "triple masking").