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The investigators will examine whether a non-invasive screening tool for CYP2C19 genetic variants can be developed by measuring limonene metabolism.
Cytochrome P450 2C19 is an important enzyme that metabolizes many drugs. However, individuals with genetic variants of CYP2C19, such as CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3, are poor metabolizers of these drugs. Therefore, it is of interest to determine whether the investigators can develop a non-invasive assay to identify genetic variants of CYP2C19 by using a substrate for CYP2C19 found in citrus fruit, limonene. The purpose of the study is to examine changes in limonene levels in human breath after drinking orange peel extract for people with CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 genetic variants versus those that do not.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 Variants | Experimental | The group of participants has been genotyped to have the CYP2C19*2 and/or CYP2C19*3 variant during the first part of the study. The participants will consume 1 oz water mixed with 500mg limonene (Jarrow Formula orange peel extract) and be asked to swish 5 times and swallow. All participants will then provide breath samples over the course of 2 hours. The breath sample outcomes will be compared to those of the wild-type CYP2C19 study subjects. |
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| Wildtype CYP2C19 | Experimental | The group of participants has been genotyped to have wild-type CYP2C19. The participants will consume 1 oz water mixed with 500mg limonene (Jarrow Formula orange peel extract) and be asked to swish 5 times and swallow. All participants will then provide breath samples over the course of 2 hours. The breath sample outcomes will be compared to those of the CYP2C19*2 and/or CYP2C19*3 study subjects. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limonene | Dietary Supplement | The investigators will ask the participants to swish 5 times and swallow 1 oz water mixed with 500mg limonene (Jarrow Formula orange peel extract). The participant will be monitored for a total of 2 hours. Breath samples will be acquired at a total of 11 time points throughout the study. Measurements include 2 baseline measurements followed by the orange peel extract consumption. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Breath limonene value in parts per billion | The amount of limonene in the breath will be measured by mass spectrometry for each participant. | 2 hours |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eric Gross, MD/PhD | Contact | (650)721-4521 | ergross@stanford.edu |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stanford School of Medicine | Recruiting | Stanford | California | 94305 | United States |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000077222 | Limonene |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000081005 | Cyclohexane Monoterpenes |
| D003510 | Cyclohexanes |
| D003516 | Cycloparaffins |
| D006840 | Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic |
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Human volunteers participating in this study will be given an over the counter orange peel extract and limonene levels will be measured.
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We are using quantitative assays for this study which reduce the need for masking of the participant or investigator.
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|
| D006844 |
| Hydrocarbons, Cyclic |
| D006838 | Hydrocarbons |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D053138 | Cyclohexenes |
| D039821 | Monoterpenes |
| D013729 | Terpenes |