The study evaluate the damage effect of ESWL and PCNL on kidney tissue by measuring non-coding lnc-RNA profile in urine before and after ESWL and PCNL procedures

The study evaluate the damage effect of ESWL and PCNL on kidney tissue by measuring non-coding lnc-RNA profile in urine before and after ESWL and PCNL procedures and assess their usefulness as diagnostic biomarkers for AKI and the relationship between the selected RNA based biomarker panel and clinicopathological changes of patients.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Inclusion criteria for patients :

  1. Patients undergoing treatment for a stone(s) located in the kidney less than 2 cm
  2. Radiopaque stone
  3. Able and willing to give informed consent

Inclusion criteria for Healthy volunteers

1. No history of kidney or stone disease
2. Asymptomatic
3. No indwelling ureteral stent
4. Willing to provide medical history information
5. Able and willing to give informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Exclusion criteria for patients

  1. Active urinary tract infection
  2. Bleeding disorder
  3. Chronic renal failure (eGFR<30)
  4. Ureteral stone