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The aim of this project is to fill a gap in the translation of dietary biomarkers as unbiased measures of food intake from high-end academic research into a methodology that ca be easily applied across academic, public and private health sector to objectively assess specific dietary intakes at group and individuals' level to a) improve understanding of diet and health relationships b) address compliance in dietary intervention studies and c) assess individuals' dietary intakes to guide their eating towards improved health. The study will be carried out as a three-way cross-over design with three different meal compositions (A, B, C) where each meal is provided 3 times per day during four days per meal. A wash-out period of 7 days where participants consume their habitual diet is implemented and a 3-day run-in before the study meal intervention. The first day of study meal intervention includes postprandial measurements during 8 hours.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Meal A | Other | Diet: meal proportion 1 |
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| Meal B | Other | Diet: meal proportion 2 |
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| Meal C | Other | Diet: meal proportion 3 |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Other | All intervention meals consist of five different food groups including fruits, vegetables, legumes, dairy products, and whole grains. Differences in the proportion of these foods in Meal A-C is tested. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Plasma concentrations of dietary candidate biomarkers (daidzein, genistein, hesperetin, naringenin, phloretin, kaempferol, 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, sulforaphane) | Difference in the plasma concentrations of diet specific biomarkers comparing before (baseline) and after intervention meal (average plasma concentration over the 24h period). | 24 hours |
| Plasma concentrations of dietary biomarker candidates (proline betaine, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, indole-3-lactic acid, pipecolic acid, s-methylcysteine, avenacoside-A and avenacoside-B) | Difference in the plasma concentrations of diet specific biomarkers comparing before (baseline) and after intervention meal (average plasma concentration over the 24 h period). | 24 hours |
| Plasma concentration-time profile over 24h (AUCs) of dietary biomarker candidates ( daidzein, genistein, hesperetin, naringenin, phloretin, kaempferol, 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, sulforaphane) | Differences in plasma AUCs between the three intake levels for each biomarker candidate | 24 hours |
| Plasma concentration-time profile over 24h (AUCs) of dietary biomarker candidates proline betaine, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, indole-3-lactic acid, pipecolic acid, s-methylcysteine, avenacoside-A and avenacoside-B | Differences in plasma AUCs between the three intake levels. | 24 hours |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Gut microbiome | Fecal samples will analyzed for composition of the gut microbiome, baseline compared with after 4 days of intervention meals. | 4 days |
| Plasma metabolites | Untargeted metabolomics will be performed using established methods for plasma. Analyzed exploratorily using untargeted metabolomics to find potential biomarker panels that reflect the specific foods included in study meals. Baseline compared with after intervention meals. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Rikard Landberg, Dr | Chalmers University of Technology | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Gothenburg, Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science | Gothenburg | Sweden |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004032 | Diet |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009747 | Nutritional Physiological Phenomena |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
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| 4 days |
| Urine metabolites | Analyzed exploratorily using untargeted metabolomics to find potential biomarker panels that reflect the specific foods included in study meals. | 24 hours |
| Fecal concentrations of diet specific biomarkers daidzein, genistein, hesperetin, naringenin, phloretin, kaempferol, 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, sulforaphane | Evaluate new simple sampling techniques using faecal swabs. | 4 days |
| Fecal concentrations of diet specific biomarkers proline betaine, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, indole-3-lactic acid, pipecolic acid, s-methylcysteine, avenacoside-A and avenacoside-B) | Evaluate new simple sampling techniques using fecal swabs. | 4 days |
| Blood concentrations of diet specific biomarkers daidzein, genistein, hesperetin, naringenin, phloretin, kaempferol, 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, sulforaphane | Evaluate new simple sampling techniques using dried blood spots. | 4 days |
| Blood concentrations of diet specific biomarkers proline betaine, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, indole-3-lactic acid, pipecolic acid, s-methylcysteine, avenacoside-A and avenacoside-B) | Evaluate new simple sampling techniques using dried blood spots. | 4 days |
| Urine concentrations of diet specific biomarkers daidzein, genistein, hesperetin, naringenin, phloretin, kaempferol, 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, sulforaphane | Evaluate new simple sampling techniques using dried urine spots. | 4 days |
| Blood concentrations of diet specific biomarkers proline betaine, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, indole-3-lactic acid, pipecolic acid, s-methylcysteine, avenacoside-A and avenacoside-B | Evaluate new simple sampling techniques using dried urine spots. | 4 days |