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Paternal involvement in breastfeeding has been identified as a significant predictor in maternal breastfeeding outcomes. The main aim of this study is to examine the relationship between reported paternal breastfeeding support and paternal-infant attachment with exclusive breastfeeding and total breastfeeding duration. The hypothesis is that paternal involvement in breastfeeding increase exclusive breastfeeding rates, total breastfeeding duration and strengthen paternal-infant attachment.
Initiation, duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding are greatly influenced by paternal involvement in breastfeeding. Previous studies showed that fathers who are involved in the breastfeeding process have stronger attachments with their babies. However, research on fathers' involvement in their partners' breastfeeding is lacking and there are no comprehensive studies conducted on the effects of the paternal involvement and infant attachment on exclusive breastfeeding (EB) and total breastfeeding duration. Therefore, the aim of the study is to examine the relationship between fathers reported breastfeeding support and paternal-infant attachment with exclusive breastfeeding and total breastfeeding duration. Data will be collected from a tertiary university hospital. The study will be conducted in two phases. In the first phase, the researcher will approach healthy, term, one month old babies and their fathers who fulfilled the eligibility criteria and will invite them to participate in the study. Informed consent will be obtained from participating fathers. The Partner Breastfeeding Influence scale will be used to measure fathers' involvement in their partner's breastfeeding, Paternal-infant attachment, paternal depression, and marital adjustment will be measured with Paternal-Infant Attachment Questionnaire, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale and Marital Adjustment Scale respectively. Four sets of questionnaires will be administered at two time points for the study. The first set will be administered at postpartum first month. The second set of data will be collected at postpartum six months. In the second phase, fathers participating in the study will be interviewed for breastfeeding duration and factors associated with cessation will be explored at postpartum 12 and 24 months.
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Exclusive breastfeeding duration | Exclusive breastfeeding duration will be asked with a single question at six months | at 6 months |
| Total breastfeeding duration | Total breastfeeding duration will be asked with a single question at 12 months | at 12 months |
| Total breastfeeding duration | Total breastfeeding duration will be asked with a single question at 12 months | at 24 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in perceived paternal breastfeeding support | The Partner Breastfeeding Influence Scale (PBIS) will be used to measure perceived breastfeeding support and will be assessed using five dimensions of partner breastfeeding support. These are Savvy, helping, appreciation, breastfeeding presence, and responsiveness. Mean scores are calculated from all questions, from 1 (extremely not supportive) to 5 (extremely supportive) for each breastfeeding support component. High scores show that breastfeeding support of father is notable. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Fathers of
Exclusion Criteria:
Fathers
Fathers of one-month-old, term, healthy, breastfed infants
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marmara University School of Medicine | Istanbul | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001942 | Breast Feeding |
| D003863 | Depression |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005247 | Feeding Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
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| Baseline (postpartum 1st month) and 5 months after (at 6th Month) |
| Change in Paternal-Infant Attachment | The Paternal-Infant Attachment Scale (PIAS) will be used to measure the strength of the bond between the father and infant. The PIAS is a scale consisting of 19 items, with every item graded between 1 and 5 points. High scores show that the attachment is strong. The gathered score average from PIAS is near the score of 19 (minimum value) show a weak attachment; however, when it is near the score of 95 (the maximum value), show a strong attachment. | Baseline (postpartum 1st month) and 5 months after (at 6th Month) |
| Change in paternal depression | The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) will be used to detect depression as a screening tool. The EPDS is a ten item self-report questionnaire. Items 1 and 2 assess anhedonia; item 3: self-blame; item 4: anxiety; item 5: fear or panic; item 6: inability to cope; item 7: difficulty sleeping; item 8: sadness; item 9: tearfulness and item 10: self-harm ideas. Responses are scored as 0, 1, 2 and 3 according to the increasing severity of the symptoms. Total score is calculated by adding each score of each 10 items. The value of score can range from 0 to 30. The traditional cut-off score for the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale when assessing women is 13 or greater however, a lower cut-off score is recommended for fathers as men express emotions differently from women, mainly that they are less expressive with their negative emotions. For this study a cut-off score of 10 or above will be used to assess Paternal Postpartum Depression. | Baseline (postpartum 1st month) and 5 months after (at 6th Month) |
| Change in Marital Adjustment | The Marital Adjustment Scale (MAS) consists of 15 items that evaluate general adjustment, conflict resolution, attachment, and communication. High scores from this scale indicates high marital adjustment. The value of score can range 0 to 60. A score of less than a 43 or below reflects marital distress in marital adjustment scale. | Baseline (postpartum 1st month) and 5 months after (at 6th Month) |