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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Sykehuset Innlandet HF | OTHER |
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Sarcopenia is an age-related gradual loss of muscle mass and strength and is associated with physical disability and mortality risk. Currently, the most promising remedy for preventing and treating sarcopenia is physical activity, particularly progressive resistance training. Yet, the amount of resistance exercise needed to achieve optimal benefits remains largely unknown. This lack of knowledge is underpinned by the notion that aging reduces the ability to adapt to (and benefit from) resistance training, and is further complicated by a relative large degrees of between-subject heterogeneity. The primary aim of the study is to compare the effects of 10 weeks of resistance training with low- and moderate volume (one vs. three sets per exercise) on muscle mass accretion in lower and upper body extremities in young (<30 years of age) and elderly individuals (>70 years of age). Specifically, the study addresses the hypothesis that elderly individuals will benefit more from higher exercise volume (moderate vs. low) compared to their young counterparts. In addition, the study aims to compare the efficacy of the two volume conditions for altering other characteristics such as muscle strength and biology, including assessment of associations between individual changes in muscle mass, strength and biology (e.g. the relationship between muscle mass accretion and muscle content of rRNA/rDNA), and also to investigate the general health effects of the intervention.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance training group | Experimental | Participants in two age groups will receive moderate (three sets of per exercise per session) and low-volume (one set of resistance per session) training allocated to either right or left upper- and lower extremities. A total of 24 sessions will be performed over 10-12 weeks. |
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| Negative control group | No Intervention | A negative control group is included in the study which will not receive any resistance training. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Progressive resistance training | Other | Progressive resistance training, performed with a target number of repetitions of 10 per set. Sets are performed to exhaustion, and external load will be adjusted to meet the target number of repetitions. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle size, lower extremities | Muscle size of lower extremity knee extensors measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle size, upper-body extremities | Muscle size of upper extremity elbow flexors measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Appendicular lean mass, lower-body extremities |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle thickness, m. vastus lateralis (mid) | Musle thickness of m. vastus lateralis measured using ultrasound | Change from baseline to after 12 sessions |
| Muscle strength, lower-body extremities (mid) | Muscle strength will be assessed as a weighted average of lower body isokinetic and isometric knee extensor maximal force |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Stian Ellefsen, PhD | Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences | Lillehammer | 2624 | Norway |
The full data sets used to analyze study outcomes will be made available with the publication of the study. Data sets will be included or referred to in the publication and hosted online.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D055948 | Sarcopenia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009133 | Muscular Atrophy |
| D020879 | Neuromuscular Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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Study conditions (exercise volume) are randomized to either leg/arm for within-participant comparisons. The effect of age is assessed from two parallel age groups.
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Study conditions (exercise volume) and age groups identifiers are omitted from outcome assessments whenever possible. Assessment of the primary (and selected secondary) outcome(s) will be performed in a blinded fashion by assessors/investigators.
Appendicular lean mass of the legs measured using Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry
| Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Appendicular lean mass, upper-body extremities | Appendicular lean mass of the arms measured using Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Muscle thickness, m. vastus lateralis | Musle thickness of m. vastus lateralis measured using ultrasound | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Muscle strength, lower-body extremities | Muscle strength of the legs measured as a weighted average of lower body isokinetic and isometric knee extensor maximal force | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Muscle strength, upper-body extremities | Muscle strength of the arms measured as isometric force (elbow flexors; fixed angle) | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Muscular peak power/force, lower-body extremities | Muscular peak power/force measured using dynamic leg press | MeasurChange from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Change from baseline to after 12 sessions |
| Muscle strength, upper-body extremities (mid) | Muscle strength of the arms measured as isometric force (elbow flexors; fixed angle) | Change from baseline to after 12 sessions |
| Muscular peak power/force, lower-body extremities | Muscular peak power/force measured using dynamic leg press | Change from baseline to after 12 sessions |
| Muscle architecture, m. vastus lateralis (mid) | Muscle architecture pennation angle of m. vastus lateralis measured using ultrasound | Change from baseline to after 12 sessions |
| Muscle architecture, m. vastus lateralis | Muscle architecture pennation angle of m. vastus lateralis measured using ultrasound | Change from baseline to the training period (10-12 weeks). |
| Body composition | Whole Body Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry to estimate lean mass, bone mineral density and fat mass. | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks). |
| Muscle fibre characteristics in m. vastus lateralis | Muscle fiber characteristics such as muscle fiber proportions, cross-sectional area, myonuclei content and capillarization measured in biopsies from m. vastus lateralis | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Total-RNA abundance in m. vastus lateralis | Total-RNA abundance measured in biopsies from m. vastus lateralis. | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Total-RNA abundance in m. vastus lateralis | Total-RNA abundance measured in biopsies from m. vastus lateralis. | Change from baseline to after 6 training sessions |
| rRNA/RNA abundances in m. vastus lateralis | rRNA/RNA abundances measured in biopsies from m. vastus lateralis. | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| rRNA/mRNA abundances in m. vastus lateralis | rRNA/RNA abundances measured in biopsies from m. vastus lateralis. | Change from baseline to after 6 training sessions |
| Protein abundances in m. vastus lateralis | Protein abundances measured in biopsies from m. vastus lateralis. | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Protein abundance in m. vastus lateralis | Protein abundances measured in biopsies from m. vastus lateralis. | Change from baseline to after 6 training sessions |
| rDNA content in m. vastus lateralis | Ribosomal DNA content measured in m. vastus lateralis | Measured at baseline |
| rDNA content in m. vastus lateralis | Ribosomal DNA content measured in m. vastus lateralis | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| rDNA content in m. vastus lateralis, (mid) | Ribosomal DNA content measured in m. vastus lateralis | Change from baseline to after 12 sessions |
| rDNA content, whole-blood | Ribosomal DNA content measured in whole-blood | Measured at baseline |
| rDNA content, whole-blood | Ribosomal DNA content measured in whole-blood | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| rDNA content, whole-blood (mid) | Ribosomal DNA content measured in whole-blood | Change from baseline to after 12 sessions |
| Epigenetic traits, muscle | Epigenetic traits measured as DNA methylation/histone modifications in m. vastus lateralis | Measured at baseline |
| Epigenetic traits, muscle | Epigenetic traits measured as DNA methylation/histone modifications in m. vastus lateralis | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Epigenetic traits, muscle | Epigenetic traits measured as DNA methylation/histone modifications in m. vastus lateralis | Change from baseline to after 12 sessions |
| Blood pressure | Resting blood pressure | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks). |
| Hemoglobin mass | Total hemoglobin mass measured using the carbon monoxide rebreathing method | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks). |
| Glucose tolerance | Blood glucose and endocrine responses to a 2h glucose tolerance test (75 g bolus of glucose). | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks). |
| Systemic inflammation | Systemic inflammation measured as blood markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) in resting blood samples. | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks). |
| Lipoproteins and lipids in blood | Concentrations of various lipoproteins and lipids in blood measured using targeted metabolomics | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Hemoglobin glycosylation | Long-term glucose levels measured as hemoglobin glycosylation | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Hormone concentrations in blood | Concentrations of hormones such as testosterone, growth hormone, thyroid hormones, cortisol and insulin (c-peptide) in serum | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Health-related quality of life (SF-36) | Health-related quality of life measured using the SF-36 questionnaire | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| SARC-F | Sarcopenia score assessed using SARC-F (questionnaire) | Measured at baseline |
| SARC-F | Sarcopenia score assessed using SARC-F (questionnaire) | Change from baseline to after the training period (10-12 weeks) |
| Dietary registration | Dietary composition assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire (nutritional composition, energy intake, habitual patterns of dietary intake) | Measured at baseline |
| Dietary registration | Dietary composition assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire (nutritional composition, energy intake, habitual patterns of dietary intake) | Measured after 12 sessions |
| Training diary relating to the intervention protocol | Information about intervention-specific training, including training frequency, volume and load | Throughout the intervention (continuous) |
| Activities of daily living (questionnaire) | Activities of daily living measured using a questionnaire (i.e. time spent in activity, intensities and type of activity) | Measured at baseline |
| Daily activity level | Daily activity level registred over three to five days using an accelerometer. | Measured during the intervention |
| D001284 | Atrophy |
| D020763 | Pathological Conditions, Anatomical |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |