Multidrug Resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a major worldwide public health challenge and hospitals are now increasingly faced with management of local outbreaks involving such pathogens. Especially, intensive care units (ICU) provide an ideal background for outbreaks caused by MDR bacteria among which carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) can be found. Among CPE involved in ICU outbreaks, VIM producers have been reported worldwide, and described as especially difficult to control. The COVID-19 pandemic and all of the measures health workers have to implement to fight the spread of SARS-Cov-2 have also impacted the management of such outbreaks. In this retrospective study, the investigators aim to describe the management of an outbreak caused by a VIM-producing Enterobacter cloacae strain during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in an ICU, and show the importance of concerted measures and actions implemented at multiple levels to prevent the spread of this MDR strain.

Multidrug Resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a major worldwide public health challenge and hospitals are now increasingly faced with management of local outbreaks involving such pathogens. Especially, intensive care units (ICU) provide an ideal background for outbreaks caused by MDR bacteria among which carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) can be found. Among CPE involved in ICU outbreaks, VIM producers have been reported worldwide, and described as especially difficult to control. The COVID-19 pandemic and all of the measures health workers have to implement to fight the spread of SARS-Cov-2 have also impacted the management of such outbreaks. The likely source of an outbreak is not always easy to pinpoint, but some common sources can be cited: an index patient with a history of hospitalization abroad, a contaminated instrument, and/or an environmental reservoir. CPE outbreaks in ICU usually have multifactorial origins, thus needing to combine several actions to be controlled. Infection and prevention control (IPC) measures habitually rely on patients screening, use of contact precautions, staff education, enhanced environmental cleaning, cohorting of patients and staff as well as a proper antimicrobial stewardship. Investigation of these outbreaks and implementation of IPC measures are ensured by various professional categories in the hospital. This implies a tight cooperation and communication between all involved healthcare workers.

In this retrospective study, the investigators aim to describe the management of an outbreak caused by a VIM-producing Enterobacter cloacae strain during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in an ICU, and show the importance of concerted measures and actions implemented at multiple levels to prevent the spread of this MDR strain.

Inclusion Criteria:

• patients who have stayed in ICU
• patients with positive sample to E. cloacae VIM between March and October 2020

Exclusion Criteria:

• patients who didn't agreed to be included

patients who have stayed in ICU and with positive sample to E. cloacae VIM between March and October 2020.