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Mixed-methods process evaluation of a residence-based asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 testing participation pilot
Regular testing for SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important strategy for controlling virus outbreaks on university campuses during the COVID-19 pandemic but testing participation rates can be low. The Residence-Based Testing Participation Pilot (RB-TPP) was a novel intervention implemented at two student residences on a large university campus in the UK over four weeks. The aim of the pilot was to increase the frequency of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 saliva testing onsite. This process evaluation aimed to determine whether RB-TPP was implemented as planned and identify implementation barriers and facilitators. A mixed-methods process evaluation was conducted alongside the RB-TPP. Evaluation participants were students (who opted in, or out of the RB-TPP) and staff with a role in service provision or student support. Monitoring data were collected from the intervention delivery team and meeting records. Data were collected from students via an online survey (n=152) and seven focus groups (n=30), and from staff via individual interviews (n=13). Quantitative data were analysed descriptively and qualitative data thematically.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Residence-based asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 testing | Experimental | The aim of the RB-TPP was to increase and maintain participation of students in regular COVID-19 testing in university residences. The R-TPP was delivered over 4 weeks in April-May 2021 and required asymptomatic students to take a saliva test for COVID-19, twice weekly for four weeks. This was combined with relaxed social restrictions within the residence during the study period (i.e., removing the need for 2 metre distancing between students living in the same residence), surge testing and enhanced support for students who were required to self-isolate (i.e., welfare and financial support). |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residence-based testing participation pilot (SARS-CoV-2 testing with relaxed social distancing restrictions) | Behavioral | SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic saliva testing (as available to all students at staff at the participating university) delivered with relaxed social distancing (behavioural element) in two halls of residence. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Reach | Program reach was evaluated through the number of students recruited into the RB-TPP compared to the number of potentially eligible students living in one of the two participating sites in April 2021 | 1 week |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Adherence | Participant adherence was defined as the proportion of students who completed all tests offered. | 4 weeks |
| Dose | Number of tests offered |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Holly Blake, PhD | University of Nottingham | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Nottingham | Nottingham | NG7 2HA | United Kingdom |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 36293719 | Derived | Blake H, Somerset S, Mahmood I, Mahmood N, Corner J, Ball JK, Denning C. A Qualitative Evaluation of the Barriers and Enablers for Implementation of an Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Testing Service at the University of Nottingham: A Multi-Site Higher Education Setting in England. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Oct 12;19(20):13140. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013140. | |
| 35915479 |
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The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to risk of identification of participants and service providers but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000086382 | COVID-19 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011024 | Pneumonia, Viral |
| D011014 | Pneumonia |
| D012141 | Respiratory Tract Infections |
| D007239 | Infections |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000086742 | COVID-19 Testing |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019411 | Clinical Laboratory Techniques |
| D019937 | Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures |
| D003933 | Diagnosis |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
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Process evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 testing participation uptake scheme in a single group of students living in two halls of residence.
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N/A process evaluation, single group intervention
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|
| 4 weeks |
| Generalised Anxiety Disorders Scale (Spitzer et al., 2006; Kroenke et al., 2007). | A 7-item anxiety scale with good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point of >=10 indicates moderate to severe anxiety. Higher scores indicate higher anxiety. | 4 weeks |
| Student Focus Groups | Student's views towards the RB-TPP. Small group discussions lasting approximately 60 mins conducted at mid-point and/or programme end. | 4 weeks |
| Staff interviews | Staff views towards the RB-TPP. Individual interviews lasting approximately 20-60 mins conducted at programme end. | 4 weeks |
| Blake H, Carlisle S, Fothergill L, Hassard J, Favier A, Corner J, Ball JK, Denning C. Mixed-methods process evaluation of a residence-based SARS-CoV-2 testing participation pilot on a UK university campus during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health. 2022 Aug 2;22(1):1470. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13792-8. |
| D014777 |
| Virus Diseases |
| D018352 | Coronavirus Infections |
| D003333 | Coronaviridae Infections |
| D030341 | Nidovirales Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |