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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Pharmaxi LLC | INDUSTRY |
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Exhaustive, cross-sectional, non-interventional, multicenter retrospective epidemiological study, case study aimed to determine the relationship between the systematic use of prophylactics to prevent SARS, including COVID-2019, and the risks of incidence and serious complications of COVID-2019 among staff of participating organizations.
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that might cause illness in animals or humans. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus of the β genus. It can cause respiratory illness named COVID-19, the severity of which varies from asymptomatic to severe, and which can lead to the patient's death of the long-term consequences (so-called post-COVID syndrome). The virus has spread globally and been declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by WHO in January 30, 2020.
The first case of COVID-19 in Ukraine was detected in early March, 2020. 1273475 cases of the disease have been registered in Ukraine as at February 15, 2021.
Quarantine restrictions and other anti-epidemic measures established in Ukraine and their results are the subject of wide debate.
Own anti-epidemic measures, in addition to those established by the Government, have also been implemented by numerous representatives of the public sector, non-governmental organizations and business.
The company management of the participating organizations decided to provide their staff with prophylactic tools and recommendations for COVID-19 prevention.
The study aims to identify the incidence, characteristics of cases and their relationship with the preventive measures used.
Each subject will be assigned an individual number, which will be used for conduction of a rapid ELISA test for the antibodies to COVID-2019. Subjects will be notified of the test results.
The questionnaires will be conducted when the subject enters the data in the electronic case report form after signing the consent to processing of personal data.
For the purposes of analysis, the subject enters his individual number in the questionnaire, as well as number of a rapid ELISA test for antibodies to COVID-2019 and its result. The entered data will be compared with the databases which contain the results of rapid ELISA tests.
The questionnaire includes questions related to the main risks and protective factors of the COVID-2019 disease: demographic, anthropometric data, lifestyle data, prophylactics methods, subject's costs spent on COVID-2019 prophylactics.
For subjects who had the COVID-2019 case, a separate block of questionnaire was created to collect data on prophylactics, treatment of COVID-2019, the course of the disease and the consequences of the disease case, as well as costs spent on COVID-2019 treatment.
The completeness of entered data in the electronic case report form will be controlled by specially designated authorized persons in each participating organization, who were designated by the person responsible for conducting the study in each participating organization.
The correctness of entered data in the electronic case report form will be controlled by remote monitoring.
The questionnaire cannot be completed until all required fields of the case report form have been completed.
A structured description of the available medical documentation for fatal cases of COVID-2019 will be conducted separately.
Demographic, anthropometric data, lifestyle data, prophylactics methods, treatment of COVID-2019, the course of the COVID-2019 case will be described.
Calculation of sample size is not applicable as it is exhaustive study. Participating organizations undertake to organize the involvement in the study of at least 95% of persons employed by participating organizations.
In the context of this data analysis, all the main steps from the primary data to the results of the study will be described separately in the Statistical Analysis Plan.
This study is not intended to accept or reject pre-defined hypotheses, thus statistical analysis will mainly be descriptive.
All types of analysis will be done for the entire available study population with available data.
If there is a sufficient amount of data in the subpopulations, a separate statistical analysis will be performed.
No conditional calculation methods will be applied to the missed values. The statistical generalization will consist of frequency tables of categorical variables (number, %).
For metric variables, descriptive statistics (number of subjects with available observations, number of missed values, mean, standard deviation, median, 25th and 75th percentiles, minimum and maximum) will be presented in tabular form.
Statistical conclusions will be used to assess the potential relationship between the identified variables and the incidence / severity of COVID-2019.
The relationship between the subject's characteristics and the variables of interest will be assessed using a one-dimensional and multidimensional (polynomial) logistic regression model for variables, which have no more than 20% omitted data.
The final model will be selected with a view to minimizing the Akaike information criterion value.
2×2 tables, χ-square were used for calculations of odds ratios. Rough odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals and p-values will be generated and presented for both one-dimensional and multidimensional logistics models.
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELISA test for the antibodies to COVID-2019. | Diagnostic Test | Each subject will be assigned an individual number, which will be used for conduction of a rapid ELISA test for the antibodies to COVID-2019. Subjects will be notified of the test results. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The Incidence of COVID-2019 Cases. | The incidence of COVID-2019 cases in participating organizations by which study subjects are employed (SI National Institute of Phthisiology and Pulmonology named after F.G. Yanovsky; Yuria-Pharm LLC; Infuzia PJSC; Institute Hyalual LLC; Medical Center M.T.K. LLC; InterChem SLC; Diatom LLC). . | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The Severity of the COVID-2019 Cases in Participating Organizations. | The severity of the COVID-2019 cases in participating organizations by which study subjects are employed (SI National Institute of Phthisiology and Pulmonology named after F.G. Yanovsky; Yuria-Pharm LLC; Infuzia PJSC; Institute Hyalual LLC; Medical Center M.T.K. LLC; InterChem SLC; Diatom LLC). | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
The subject may not be included in the study due to non-compliance with the inclusion criteria or due to force majeure.
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Persons who are employed by one of the participating organizations (SI National Institute of Phthisiology and Pulmonology named after F.G. Yanovsky; Yuria-Pharm LLC; Infuzia PJSC; Institute Hyalual LLC; Medical Center M.T.K. LLC; InterChem SLC; Diatom LLC).
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Tetiana Sprynsian | Yuria-Pharm | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SI National Institute of Phthisiology and Pulmonology named after F.G. Yanovsky | Kyiv | 03038 | Ukraine | |||
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| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Ann Bowling. Research Methods in Health: Investigating Health and Health Services, Fourth edition, 2014, Maidenhead, GB. McGraw Hill; Open University Press, 536pp | View source |
| Ann Aschengrau. Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health, Fourth Edition | View source |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Cross-sectional Study on COVID-19 | One group study included subjects who employed by one of the following organizations:
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| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Group One | One group study |
| Units | Counts |
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| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | The Incidence of COVID-2019 Cases. | The incidence of COVID-2019 cases in participating organizations by which study subjects are employed (SI National Institute of Phthisiology and Pulmonology named after F.G. Yanovsky; Yuria-Pharm LLC; Infuzia PJSC; Institute Hyalual LLC; Medical Center M.T.K. LLC; InterChem SLC; Diatom LLC). . | Posted | Number | COVID-2019 cases per 1000 person | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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No data on adverse events were collected.
The number of participants at risk for Serious Adverse Events, All-Cause Mortality, Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events is zero, because this is observational retrospective study.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Group One | One group study | 0 |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tetiana Sprynsian | Yuria-Pharm | +380665134849 | Tetiana.Sprynsian.pm@pharmaxi.com.ua |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Feb 15, 2021 | Sep 28, 2021 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000086382 | COVID-19 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011024 | Pneumonia, Viral |
| D011014 | Pneumonia |
| D012141 | Respiratory Tract Infections |
| D007239 | Infections |
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Whole blood
| Prevention Methods of SARS, Including COVID-2019, Which Were Used by Subject That Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Prevention methods of SARS, including COVID-2019, which were used by subject that had at least one COVID-2019 case. The number of participants is reported for every prevention method separately. | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
| Prevention Methods of SARS, Including COVID-2019, Which Were Used by Subject That Did Not Have Any COVID-2019 Case. | Prevention methods of SARS, including COVID-2019, which were used by subject that did not have any COVID-2019 case. The number of participants is reported for every prevention method separately. | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
| Relationship Between the Used Prevention Methods and and the Risk to Have at Least One Case of COVID-2019 Among Staff of Participating Organizations. | Relationship between the used prevention methods and iand the Risk to Have at Least One Case of COVID-2019. among staff of participating organizations.Prevention methods within this outcome includes all prevention methods which were used by subjects. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
| Relationship Between the Presence of Comorbidities, Such as Bronchial Asthma and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), and the Risk to Have at Least One Case of COVID-2019. | Relationship between the presence of comorbidities, such as bronchial asthma and COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and the risk to have at least one case of COVID-2019. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
| Relationship Between the COVID-2019 Case and the Risk of Change of the Course of Comorbidities, Such as Bronchial Asthma and сhronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). | Relationship between the COVID-2019 case and the risk of change of the course of comorbidities, such as bronchial asthma and сhronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
| Relationship Between Different Strategies and Combinations of Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between different strategies and combinations of drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
| Relationship Between Different Strategies and Combinations of Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a Severe COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between different strategies and combinations of drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a severe COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
| Relationship Between Different Strategies and Combinations of Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between different strategies and combinations of drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
| Institute Hyalual LLC |
| Kyiv |
| 03151 |
| Ukraine |
| Yuria-Pharm LLC | Kyiv | 03151 | Ukraine |
| Medical Center M.T.K. LLC | Kyiv | 03680 | Ukraine |
| Infuzia PJSC | Kyiv | 04073 | Ukraine |
| Diatom LLC | Kyiv | 04215 | Ukraine |
| InterChem SLC | Odesa | 65000 | Ukraine |
| Bonita, Ruth, Beaglehole, Robert, Kjellström, Tord \& World Health Organization. (2006). Basic epidemiology, 2nd ed. World Health Organization | View source |
| Earl Babbie. The Practice of Social Research, Twelfth edition, 2009 | View source |
| years |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant. | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
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| Weight | Mean | Standard Deviation | kg |
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| Height | Mean | Standard Deviation | cm |
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| Number of people in the household | Mean | Standard Deviation | person |
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| Blood group | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Presence of bad habits | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Tobacco smoking / use of other nicotine products | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Alcohol consumption | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Frequency of alcohol consumption | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Other bad habits | Other bad habits were reported by participants if they percieve their behavior as potentially hazardous for thier physical/mental health. | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Physical activity | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Changes in diet from March 2020 | This includes all changes in eating habits like exclusion of some nutritional components, consumption of any supplements, regiment or volume of food intake. | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Chronic diseases | Chronic diseases are defined broadly as conditions that last 1 year or more and require ongoing medical attention or limit activities of daily living or both. | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Chronic non-infectious diseases | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Chronic non-infectious diseases | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Type of diabetes | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Compensation for chronic non-infectious diseases | Controll over the chronic disease means that participants can manage daily symptoms that affect their quality of life, and avoid acute health problems and complications that can shorten their life expectancy. | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Systematic treatment of non-infectious diseases | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Number of drugs systematically taken for treatment of non-infectious diseases | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Chronic infectious diseases | Chronic diseases are defined broadly as conditions caused by the infectious agent (e.g., bacteria, virus, parasite) that last 1 year or more and require ongoing medical attention or limit activities of daily living or both | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Systematic treatment of infectious diseases | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Number of drugs systematically taken for treatment of infectious diseases | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Frequency of acute respiratory infectious diseases | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Secondary | The Severity of the COVID-2019 Cases in Participating Organizations. | The severity of the COVID-2019 cases in participating organizations by which study subjects are employed (SI National Institute of Phthisiology and Pulmonology named after F.G. Yanovsky; Yuria-Pharm LLC; Infuzia PJSC; Institute Hyalual LLC; Medical Center M.T.K. LLC; InterChem SLC; Diatom LLC). | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Secondary | Prevention Methods of SARS, Including COVID-2019, Which Were Used by Subject That Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Prevention methods of SARS, including COVID-2019, which were used by subject that had at least one COVID-2019 case. The number of participants is reported for every prevention method separately. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Secondary | Prevention Methods of SARS, Including COVID-2019, Which Were Used by Subject That Did Not Have Any COVID-2019 Case. | Prevention methods of SARS, including COVID-2019, which were used by subject that did not have any COVID-2019 case. The number of participants is reported for every prevention method separately. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Secondary | Relationship Between the Used Prevention Methods and and the Risk to Have at Least One Case of COVID-2019 Among Staff of Participating Organizations. | Relationship between the used prevention methods and iand the Risk to Have at Least One Case of COVID-2019. among staff of participating organizations.Prevention methods within this outcome includes all prevention methods which were used by subjects. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Secondary | Relationship Between the Presence of Comorbidities, Such as Bronchial Asthma and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), and the Risk to Have at Least One Case of COVID-2019. | Relationship between the presence of comorbidities, such as bronchial asthma and COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and the risk to have at least one case of COVID-2019. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Secondary | Relationship Between the COVID-2019 Case and the Risk of Change of the Course of Comorbidities, Such as Bronchial Asthma and сhronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). | Relationship between the COVID-2019 case and the risk of change of the course of comorbidities, such as bronchial asthma and сhronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Secondary | Relationship Between Different Strategies and Combinations of Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between different strategies and combinations of drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Secondary | Relationship Between Different Strategies and Combinations of Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a Severe COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between different strategies and combinations of drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a severe COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Secondary | Relationship Between Different Strategies and Combinations of Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between different strategies and combinations of drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Inhalation Antiseptics + Oral Systemic Antiviral Drugs + Other Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between inhalation antiseptics + oral systemic antiviral drugs + other drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Inhalation Antiviral Drugs + Immunomodulatory Drugs + Other Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between inhalation antiviral drugs + immunomodulatory drugs + other drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Inhalation Antiviral Drugs + Oral Systemic Antiviral Drugs + Other Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between inhalation antiviral drugs + oral systemic antiviral drugs + other drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Oral Systemic Antiviral Drugs + Vitamins + Other Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between oral systemic antiviral drugs + vitamins + other drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Specific Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between specific prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a COVID-2019 case. Specific prophylactics included inhalation antiseptics, inhalation antiviral drugs, oral systemic antiviral drugs, injectable systemic antiviral drugs, immunomodulatory drugs and antibiotics. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Nonspecific Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between nonspecific prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a COVID-2019 case. Nonspecific prophylactics included vitamins, herbal drugs, homeopathic drugs and other drugs. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Combined Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between combined prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Inhalation Antiseptics + Oral Systemic Antiviral Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a Severe COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between inhalation antiseptics + oral systemic antiviral drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a severe COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Inhalation Antiviral Drugs + Oral Systemic Antiviral Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a Severe COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between inhalation antiviral drugs + oral systemic antiviral drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a severe COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Nonspecific Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a Severe COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between nonspecific prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a severe COVID-2019 case. Nonspecific prophylactics included vitamins, herbal drugs, homeopathic drugs and other drugs. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Specific Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a Severe COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between specific prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a severe COVID-2019 case. Specific prophylactics included inhalation antiseptics, inhalation antiviral drugs, oral systemic antiviral drugs, injectable systemic antiviral drugs, immunomodulatory drugs and antibiotics. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Combined Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Having a Severe COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between combined prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of having a severe COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | RR | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Vitamins + Herbal Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between vitamins + herbal drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Vitamins + Other Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between vitamins + other drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Inhalation Antiseptics + Other Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between inhalation antiseptics + other drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Inhalation Antiviral Drugs + Other Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between inhalation antiviral drugs + other drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Oral Systemic Antiviral Drugs + Herbal Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between oral systemic antiviral drugs + herbal drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Immunomodulatory Drugs + Herbal Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between immunomodulatory drugs + herbal drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Inhalation Antiseptics + Oral Systemic Antiviral Drugs + Vitamins Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between inhalation antiseptics + oral systemic antiviral drugs + vitamins used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Inhalation Antiseptics + Immunomodulatory Drugs + Vitamins Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between inhalation antiseptics + immunomodulatory drugs + vitamins used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Inhalation Antiseptics + Vitamins + Other Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between inhalation antiseptics + vitamins + other drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Immunomodulatory Drugs + Vitamins + Herbal Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between immunomodulatory drugs + vitamins + herbal drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Inhalation Antiviral Drugs + Oral Systemic Antiviral Drugs + Vitamins Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between inhalation antiviral drugs + oral systemic antiviral drugs + vitamins used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Inhalation Antiviral Drugs + Immunomodulatory Drugs + Vitamins Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between inhalation antiviral drugs + immunomodulatory drugs + vitamins used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Inhalation Antiviral Drugs + Vitamins + Other Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between inhalation antiviral drugs + vitamins + other drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Inhalation Antiviral Drugs + Vitamins + Herbal Drugs Used for Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between inhalation antiviral drugs + vitamins + herbal drugs used for prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Specific Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between specific prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Specific prophylactics included inhalation antiseptics, inhalation antiviral drugs, oral systemic antiviral drugs, injectable systemic antiviral drugs, immunomodulatory drugs and antibiotics. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Nonspecific Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between nonspecific prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Nonspecific prophylactics included vitamins, herbal drugs, homeopathic drugs and other drugs. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| Post-Hoc | Relationship Between Combined Prophylactics at Any Time From March 2020 and the Risk of Hospitalization of Persons Who Had at Least One COVID-2019 Case. | Relationship between combined prophylactics at any time from March 2020 and the risk of hospitalization of persons who had at least one COVID-2019 case. Measure of outcome is risk ratio (RR), also called relative risk, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2. If the risk ratio is 1 (or close to 1), it suggests no difference or little difference in risk (incidence in each group is the same). A risk ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group. A risk ratio < 1 suggests a reduced risk in the exposed group. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | Risk Ratio | 1 visit from March 2021 till June 2021 |
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| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| D014777 |
| Virus Diseases |
| D018352 | Coronavirus Infections |
| D003333 | Coronaviridae Infections |
| D030341 | Nidovirales Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| Title |
|---|
| Measurements |
|---|
|
| Moderate |
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| Severe |
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| No COVID Case |
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| Title |
|---|
| Measurements |
|---|
|
| Injectable systemic antiviral drugs |
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| Immunomodulatory drugs |
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| Vitamins |
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| Antibiotics |
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| Herbal drugs |
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| Homeopathic drugs |
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| Other drugs |
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| No Prevention |
|
| Title |
|---|
| Measurements |
|---|
|
| Injectable systemic antiviral drugs |
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| Immunomodulatory drugs |
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| Vitamins |
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| Antibiotics |
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| Herbal drugs |
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| Homeopathic drugs |
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| Other drugs |
|