The Utility of Immature Granulocyte Count and Percentage on the Prediction of Acute Appendicitis in the Suspected Acute Appendicitis According to the ALVARADO Scoring System: A Retrospective Cohort Study
The Utility of Immature Granulocyte Count and Percentage on the Prediction of Acute Appendicitis in the Suspected Acute Appendicitis According to the ALVARADO Scoring System: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of abdominal pain requiring surgery in the emergency department. The whole life acute appendicitis rate is 7%. Only half of the patients with acute appendicitis are presented with typical periumbilical pain following by nausea, vomiting, and the migration of pain to the right lower quadrant. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis is based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, and laboratory findings. The Alvarado scoring system (ASS), recommends discharge, observation, and surgical intervention to patients. However, such scoring systems should not be used as the only method in diagnosis. Increased imaging use in patients with suspected acute appendicitis improved the rate of correct diagnosis. American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria (ACR) recommends computerized tomography (CT) as the primary imaging method to confirm the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in adults. However, CT imaging has some disadvantages, such as radiation exposure, undesirable effects associated with the use of contrast agents, and increased workload in the emergency room. The count of immature granulocytes (IGC), which is an indicator of increased activation of the bone marrow, and the percentage of IG (IGP), which is the ratio of IGs to the total white blood cell count, are also has been used differentiation of complicated acute appendicitis from uncomplicated acute appendicitis, and other inflammatory pathologies. Nowadays automatic blood analyzers can easily measure the amount and percentage of IGs simultaneously in a complete blood count test with advances in technology.
It is aimed to investigate the utility of IGC and IGP on the prediction of suspected acute appendicitis according to the ASS and its effect on the need for CT scanning.
Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of abdominal pain requiring surgery in the emergency department. The highest incidence of acute appendicitis is in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life, but it can be seen at any age. There is a 7% chance that a person will have appendicitis during life. Only half of the patients with acute appendicitis are presented with typical periumbilical pain following by nausea, vomiting, and the migration of pain to the right lower quadrant. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis is based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, and laboratory findings. Various clinical prediction rules have been developed to increase diagnostic accuracy. The most accepted among these is the Alvarado scoring system (ASS). ASS classifies patients as low, moderate, and high-risk groups for acute appendicitis. Accordingly, it recommends discharge, observation, and surgical intervention to patients. However, such scoring systems should not be used as the only method in diagnosis.
Increased imaging use in patients with suspected acute appendicitis improved the rate of correct diagnosis. American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria (ACR) recommends computerized tomography (CT) as the primary imaging method to confirm the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in adults. However, CT imaging has some disadvantages, such as radiation exposure, undesirable effects associated with the use of contrast agents, and increased workload in the emergency room.
Numerous inflammatory parameters adapted from complete blood count parameters can be used in infectious inflammatory processes such as acute appendicitis, pyelonephritis, and non-infectious conditions such as differentiation of tumoral masses from benign lesions, and determining survival in acute myocardial infarction. Among these parameters, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet lymphocyte ratio, and lymphocyte monocyte ratio were used in previous studies. Similarly, the number of immature granulocytes (IGC), which is an indicator of increased activation of the bone marrow, and the percentage of IG (IGP), which is the ratio of IGs to the total white blood cell count, are also has been used in acute necrotizing pancreatitis, differentiation of complicated acute appendicitis from uncomplicated acute appendicitis, pyelonephritis, sepsis, thyroid gland malignancies, and renal cell carcinomas. Previously the determination of the number of IGs could be possible based on counting granulocyte precursor cells during the direct microscopic examination. Nowadays automatic blood analyzers can easily measure the amount and percentage of IGs simultaneously in a complete blood count test with advances in technology. Immature granulocyte (IG) in peripheral blood is an indicator of increased bone marrow activity. It has been reported in previous studies that IGC and IGP increase in infection and sepsis, and are more reliable markers in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis than other hematological parameters.
This study aimed to investigate the utility of IGC and IGP on the prediction of suspected acute appendicitis according to the ASS and its effect on the need for CT scanning.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study design and setting This study is a retrospective cohort analysis involving adult patients who were admitted to the emergency department of a university hospital between January 2019 and July 2019 due to abdominal pain and suspected acute appendicitis according to ASS. Local ethics committee approval was received for the study (ethics committee approval number 2019/11/06). Because the study design is retrospective, the signed informed consent of patients is not required. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Patient Selection and Data Collection Adult patients who admitted to the Emergency Department of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University hospital due to abdominal pain and had an ASS between 4-7, and whose initial imaging technique was CT were included in the study. ASS scores of the patients were calculated retrospectively by examining patients' medical records. Patients were used other imaging methods, underwent surgery without imaging, followed by medical treatment without surgery, pregnant, under the age of 18, with incomplete medical records, and with additional diseases (such as underlying hematologic or rheumatologic disease, other concurrent infectious diseases) and treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factors, glucocorticoids, or other immunosuppressants that may affect inflammation markers were excluded from the study.
Electronic files of the patients recorded in the hospital database were reviewed by the investigators. Demographic data (age, gender), laboratory values, tomography reports, and pathological diagnoses were recorded. The diagnosis was also confirmed histopathologically in all patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis according to the result of tomography.
The white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, IGC, and IGP were obtained from the blood sample taken at the time of the patient's first admission to the hospital using the Sysmex XN-3000 (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan) device. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was calculated manually from hemogram results. The patients were divided into two groups as those with acute appendicitis (appendicitis positive group, Group-P) and non-appendicitis (appendicitis negative group, Group-N) according to the result of tomography.
Statistical analysis The data were analyzed with the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS ver. 20) program. The compliance of continuous variables to normal distribution was evaluated with the Shapiro-Wilk test. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the data that complied with the normal distribution and the Mann Whitney-U test was used for those that did not comply with the normal distribution. Pearson test was used for correlation analysis of normally distributed parameters, and the Spearman test was used for correlation analysis of non-normally distributed parameters. Multivariate analysis was performed with parameters found to be significant in the evaluation of univariate analysis and predictive values of preoperative blood parameters were calculated. The Chi-square test was used to analyze categorical variables. p<0.05 value was considered significant. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the success of laboratory parameters in predicting acute appendicitis diagnosis. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy rate were calculated for parameters with a statistically significant difference between groups.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: