The objective of this quasi-experimental study design was to examine effects of the coordinated-bilateral ball skills (CBBS) intervention on cognitive functions and aerobic fitness in elementary school students. The hypotheses of the study were: students in the intervention group will show a significant higher level of cognitive functions and aerobic fitness compared to the control students.

Fourth-grade students at 5 elementary schools were recruited to participate. At each participating school, two fourth-grade classes were assigned to the CBBS intervention group and other two fourth-grade classes were assigned to the control group. The students in the intervention group received two, 30-min CBBS physical education (PE) lessons taught by the physical education teacher who were trained in implementation of the two CBBS lessons per week for 16 weeks. In contrast, the students in the control group received regular two PE lessons per week for 16 weeks taught by the other physical education teacher who were not be involved in the CBBS intervention training. All participating students who returned their parent/guardian' signed consent form were pre-tested and post-tested (immediately after the 16-week intervention) in cognitive functions and aerobic fitness. Descriptive statistics and linear mixed models were performed to analyze the data. All data analysis were conducted in Physical Activity and Health Lab of the School of Kinesiology at University of Michigan

Inclusion Criteria:

• Being fourth-grade students in the class taught by either the intervention PE teacher or the comparison PE teacher.
• Consent/assent to participate in the study.
• Being able to complete all outcome measures without physical, cognitive, and mental constrains.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Having illness.
• Being injured.
• Having physical or mental impairment.