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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| P30AG048785 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute on Aging (NIA) | NIH |
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The goal of this study is to examine Go&Grow as a social exergame intervention to increase physical activity and social support, to promote well-being in family caregivers, and to test social support and physical activity as mechanisms for the effects of the intervention.
The study is a 2-week baseline and 6-week intervention aimed at comparing the feasibility and efficacy of an exergame (Go&Grow without social contact components) and a social exergame (full version of Go&Grow) in promoting physical activity, social support, and well-being in family caregivers. The study also seeks to test social support and physical activity as mechanisms for the relationships between condition (exergame non-social vs social exergame) and wellbeing. Participants will be randomly assigned using a random assignment generator to either the control condition (exergame non-social) or the treatment condition (social exergame) on a rolling basis. Participants from both conditions will be reminded daily via app-based notifications during the intervention period to wear their Fitbit and to play the game.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Social Exergame Treatment Group | Experimental | The treatment group will wear a Fitbit step counter for 8 weeks. In addition, participants will use the full version of the Go&Grow fitness app for 6 weeks. |
|
| Control Group | Active Comparator | The control group will wear a Fitbit step counter for 8 weeks. In addition, participants will use the Go&Grow fitness app without the social features for 6 weeks. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social Exergame Treatment Group | Behavioral |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Percent Change in Steps | Steps were automatically synced from the Fitbit for both conditions daily. Days with 500 or fewer recorded steps were coded as missing. Weekly step averages were calculated for weeks with 4 or more days not coded missing. The first two weeks of baseline steps were averaged to form the baseline step. Percent change of steps was calculated as the difference between the average weekly steps during the intervention (weeks 3-8) and baseline steps divided by baseline steps. | Percent Change of Steps from baseline to Weeks 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 |
| Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS) | Self-report measure of social support from the Lubben Social Network Scale for family and friends with scores summed across 18 items. Possible scores range from 0-60, with higher scores indicating higher social support. | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
| Social Connectedness Scale | Social Connectedness Scale was administered weekly during the intervention with the following subscales: relationship salience, shared understandings, knowing other's experiences, satisfaction with the contact quantity and quality, and dissatisfaction with contact quantity. Scores were averaged across items from each subscale and possible scores ranged from 1 to 7 with higher scores indicating a higher level of the subscale. | Baseline (Average of Week 1 and 2), Weekly during the intervention from Week 3 to 8 |
| UCLA Loneliness Scale | The UCLA Loneliness Scale captures one's subjective feelings of loneliness over the past week for weekly surveys and over the past month for pretest and posttest surveys (20 items with ratings from 1 "Never" to 4 "Often"). The scores were averaged across the 20 items, with a score ranging from 1-4. A higher score indicates more loneliness. | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
| Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (20 Items) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Exercise Self-Efficacy | 9 items assessed how certain participants will exercise under certain circumstances (e.g., when you are feeling under pressure or when you are away from home). Items are assessed from 1 (very sure) to 4 (not at all sure). Items were reverse coded and summed across all items with a score ranging from 9 to 36. A higher score indicates higher exercise self-efficacy. | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brandeis University | Waltham | Massachusetts | 02453 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 36916022 | Derived | Lin XY, Zhang L, Yoon S, Zhang R, Lachman ME. A Social Exergame Intervention to Promote Physical Activity, Social Support, and Well-Being in Family Caregivers. Gerontologist. 2023 Oct 17;63(9):1456-1466. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnad028. |
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80 participants enrolled (agreed to participate in the study following completion of informed consent), and were all assigned to each arm/group. However, only 38/42 people assigned in the control group completed the pretest, thus we don't have complete pretest data for 4 people in the control group, and 2 of these 4 people didn't complete any demographic information, so we don't have their baseline characteristic measures.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Social Exergame Treatment Group | The treatment group will wear a Fitbit step counter for 8 weeks. In addition, participants will use the full version of the Go&Grow fitness app for 6 weeks. Social Exergame Treatment Group: - Physical activity tracking, walk to grow flowers and plant their own garden
|
| FG001 | Control Group | The control group will wear a Fitbit step counter for 8 weeks. In addition, participants will use the Go&Grow fitness app without the social features for 6 weeks. Control Group: - Physical activity tracking, walk to grow flowers and plant their own garden
|
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
Not all participants answered all questions/questionnaires because they were allowed to skip questions hence the discrepancy of sample size between measures.
Many of the weekly measures had missing data as not all participants completed the weekly survey or had weekly steps. 2 out of the 40 completed demographic but dropped out before taking the pretest.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Social Exergame Treatment Group | The treatment group will wear a Fitbit step counter for 8 weeks. In addition, participants will use the full version of the Go&Grow fitness app for 6 weeks. Social Exergame Treatment Group: - Physical activity tracking, walk to grow flowers and plant their own garden
|
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Percent Change in Steps | Steps were automatically synced from the Fitbit for both conditions daily. Days with 500 or fewer recorded steps were coded as missing. Weekly step averages were calculated for weeks with 4 or more days not coded missing. The first two weeks of baseline steps were averaged to form the baseline step. Percent change of steps was calculated as the difference between the average weekly steps during the intervention (weeks 3-8) and baseline steps divided by baseline steps. | some weeks were coded as missing since not all participants recorded steps for all weeks | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Percent Change of Steps from Baseline | Percent Change of Steps from baseline to Weeks 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 |
|
2 months
any adverse event was documented and reported.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Social Exergame Treatment Group | The treatment group will wear a Fitbit step counter for 8 weeks. In addition, participants will use the full version of the Go&Grow fitness app for 6 weeks. Social Exergame Treatment Group: - Physical activity tracking, walk to grow flowers and plant their own garden
|
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| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Broken Ankle | Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Non-systematic Assessment | the foot injury occurred at her workplace and does not appear to be related to her participation in the Study. The study involves walking and recording steps on a FitBit. The participant is no longer in the study as her mobility is limited. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xin Yao Lin | Brandeis University | 6462583562 | xylin@brandeis.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jul 8, 2022 | Jul 18, 2022 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Sep 2, 2021 | Jun 20, 2023 | ICF_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D057185 | Sedentary Behavior |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012107 | Research Design |
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|
| Control Group | Behavioral |
|
|
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (20 items) asks participants to report how often participants felt positive and negative feelings over the past week for weekly surveys, and over the past month for pre-test and post-test surveys. Scores were averaged across the items (Total positive and negative affect scores can range from 0-4, with a higher score indicating a higher level of positive affect or negative affect). |
| Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) asks participants' stress perception over the last month and scores were summed across the items (Possible scores range from 0 to 40 with higher scores indicating higher stress). | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
| Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) | Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) captures participants' psychological distress over the past week, scores were summed across the items (Total score ranges from 0-72, with higher scores indicating more stress) (Derogatis, 1975). | Baseline (Average of Week 1 and 2), Weekly during the intervention from Week 3 to 8 |
| Caregiver's Stress Scale | Caregiver's Stress Scale has a series of subscales based on a conceptual model of caregivers' stress: overload, relational deprivation, job and caregiving conflict, role captivity, sense of self, caregiving competence, personal gain, management of situation, management of meaning, management of distress, and expressive support. Each subscale ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree), and each subscale was averaged (with possible score ranging from 1-4) so that higher scores would indicate a higher value. | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
| International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) Short Version | International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Version. A continuous score was calculated expressed as MET (Metabolic Equivalents) minutes per week: Total MET-min/week = (Walk METs*min*days) + (Mod METs*min*days) + Vig METs*min*days). A higher score means a higher level of physical activity. | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
| Satisfaction With Life Scale | Items are assessed from 1 (disagree strongly) to 7 (agree strongly) summed across all items, ranging from 5-35. A higher score indicates a higher satisfaction with life. | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
| Sense of Control | items were used to assess sense of control. For example: "There is little I can do to change many of the important things in my life." Items are assessed from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree) and reverse coded. A sum across all items was calculated ranging from 6-42. A higher score indicates a higher sense of control. | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
| Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) | Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) was included in the posttest, which measured how much participants enjoyed the exergame (Fitzgerald et al., 2020). 20 items ranged from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5) were summed. Scores rannged from 20 - 100, with a higher score indicating more exergame enjoyment. | Posttest (after week 8) |
| Withdrawal by Subject |
|
| BG001 | Control Group | The control group will wear a Fitbit step counter for 8 weeks. In addition, participants will use the Go&Grow fitness app without the social features for 6 weeks. Control Group: - Physical activity tracking, walk to grow flowers and plant their own garden
|
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| OG001 | Control Group | The control group will wear a Fitbit step counter for 8 weeks. In addition, participants will use the Go&Grow fitness app without the social features for 6 weeks. Control Group: - Physical activity tracking, walk to grow flowers and plant their own garden
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS) | Self-report measure of social support from the Lubben Social Network Scale for family and friends with scores summed across 18 items. Possible scores range from 0-60, with higher scores indicating higher social support. | N=38 in each condition completed the pretest. N=31 in the treatment and N=35 in the control completed the posttest. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Social Connectedness Scale | Social Connectedness Scale was administered weekly during the intervention with the following subscales: relationship salience, shared understandings, knowing other's experiences, satisfaction with the contact quantity and quality, and dissatisfaction with contact quantity. Scores were averaged across items from each subscale and possible scores ranged from 1 to 7 with higher scores indicating a higher level of the subscale. | not all participants completed each weekly survey. There were missing weekly surveys for some participants on some weeks | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline (Average of Week 1 and 2), Weekly during the intervention from Week 3 to 8 |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | UCLA Loneliness Scale | The UCLA Loneliness Scale captures one's subjective feelings of loneliness over the past week for weekly surveys and over the past month for pretest and posttest surveys (20 items with ratings from 1 "Never" to 4 "Often"). The scores were averaged across the 20 items, with a score ranging from 1-4. A higher score indicates more loneliness. | N=38 in each condition completed the pretest. N=31 in the treatment and N=35 in the control completed the posttest. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (20 Items) | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (20 items) asks participants to report how often participants felt positive and negative feelings over the past week for weekly surveys, and over the past month for pre-test and post-test surveys. Scores were averaged across the items (Total positive and negative affect scores can range from 0-4, with a higher score indicating a higher level of positive affect or negative affect). | N=38 in each condition completed the pretest. N=31 in the treatment and N=35 in the control completed the posttest. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) asks participants' stress perception over the last month and scores were summed across the items (Possible scores range from 0 to 40 with higher scores indicating higher stress). | N=38 in each condition completed the pretest. N=31 in the treatment and N=35 in the control completed the posttest. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) | Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) captures participants' psychological distress over the past week, scores were summed across the items (Total score ranges from 0-72, with higher scores indicating more stress) (Derogatis, 1975). | not all participants completed each weekly survey. There were missing weekly surveys for some participants on some weeks | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline (Average of Week 1 and 2), Weekly during the intervention from Week 3 to 8 |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Caregiver's Stress Scale | Caregiver's Stress Scale has a series of subscales based on a conceptual model of caregivers' stress: overload, relational deprivation, job and caregiving conflict, role captivity, sense of self, caregiving competence, personal gain, management of situation, management of meaning, management of distress, and expressive support. Each subscale ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree), and each subscale was averaged (with possible score ranging from 1-4) so that higher scores would indicate a higher value. | N=38 in each condition completed the pretest. N=31 in the treatment and N=35 in the control completed the posttest. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) Short Version | International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Version. A continuous score was calculated expressed as MET (Metabolic Equivalents) minutes per week: Total MET-min/week = (Walk METs*min*days) + (Mod METs*min*days) + Vig METs*min*days). A higher score means a higher level of physical activity. | N=38 in each condition completed the pretest. N=31 in the treatment and N=35 in the control completed the posttest. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Total METs minutes per week | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Exercise Self-Efficacy | 9 items assessed how certain participants will exercise under certain circumstances (e.g., when you are feeling under pressure or when you are away from home). Items are assessed from 1 (very sure) to 4 (not at all sure). Items were reverse coded and summed across all items with a score ranging from 9 to 36. A higher score indicates higher exercise self-efficacy. | N=38 in each condition completed the pretest. N=31 in the treatment and N=35 in the control completed the posttest. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Satisfaction With Life Scale | Items are assessed from 1 (disagree strongly) to 7 (agree strongly) summed across all items, ranging from 5-35. A higher score indicates a higher satisfaction with life. | N=38 in each condition completed the pretest. N=31 in the treatment and N=35 in the control completed the posttest. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Sense of Control | items were used to assess sense of control. For example: "There is little I can do to change many of the important things in my life." Items are assessed from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree) and reverse coded. A sum across all items was calculated ranging from 6-42. A higher score indicates a higher sense of control. | N=38 in each condition completed the pretest. N=31 in the treatment and N=35 in the control completed the posttest. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Pretest (before week 1) and posttest (after week 8) |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) | Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) was included in the posttest, which measured how much participants enjoyed the exergame (Fitzgerald et al., 2020). 20 items ranged from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5) were summed. Scores rannged from 20 - 100, with a higher score indicating more exergame enjoyment. | N=31 in the treatment and N=35 in the control completed the posttest. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Posttest (after week 8) |
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 38 |
| 0 |
| 38 |
| 1 |
| 38 |
| EG001 | Control Group | The control group will wear a Fitbit step counter for 8 weeks. In addition, participants will use the Go&Grow fitness app without the social features for 6 weeks. Control Group: - Physical activity tracking, walk to grow flowers and plant their own garden
| 0 | 42 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 42 |
|
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| D008722 | Methods |
| Posttest |
|
|
| Knowing Others' Experience Week 3 |
|
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| Knowing Others' Experience Week 4 |
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| Knowing Others' Experience Week 5 |
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| Knowing Others' Experience Week 6 |
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| Knowing Others' Experience Week 7 |
|
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| Knowing Others' Experience Week 8 |
|
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| Relationship Salience Baseline (Average of Week 1 and 2) |
|
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| Relationship Salience Week 3 |
|
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| Relationship Salience Week 4 |
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| Relationship Salience Week 5 |
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| Relationship Salience Week 6 |
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| Relationship Salience Week 7 |
|
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| Relationship Salience Week 8 |
|
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| Satisfaction with contact quality Baseline (Average of Week 1 and 2) |
|
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| Satisfaction with contact quality week 3 |
|
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| Satisfaction with contact quality week 4 |
|
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| Satisfaction with contact quality week 5 |
|
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| Satisfaction with contact quality week 6 |
|
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| Satisfaction with contact quality week 7 |
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| Satisfaction with contact quality week 8 |
|
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| Dissatisfaction with contact quantity Baseline (Average of Week 1 and 2) |
|
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| Dissatisfaction with contact quantity week 3 |
|
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| Dissatisfaction with contact quantity week 4 |
|
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| Dissatisfaction with contact quantity week 5 |
|
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| Dissatisfaction with contact quantity week 6 |
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| Dissatisfaction with contact quantity week 7 |
|
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| Dissatisfaction with contact quantity week 8 |
|
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| Satisfaction with contact quantity Baseline (Average of Week 1 and 2) |
|
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| Satisfaction with contact quantity week 3 |
|
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| Satisfaction with contact quantity week 4 |
|
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| Satisfaction with contact quantity week 5 |
|
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| Satisfaction with contact quantity week 6 |
|
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| Satisfaction with contact quantity week 7 |
|
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| Satisfaction with contact quantity week 8 |
|
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| shared understanding Baseline (Average of Week 1 and 2) |
|
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| shared understanding week 3 |
|
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| shared understanding week 4 |
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| shared understanding week 5 |
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| shared understanding week 6 |
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| shared understanding week 7 |
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| shared understanding week 8 |
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| Mixed Models Analysis |
| .44 |
Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health |
| Superiority |
| Time x condition interaction predicting satisfaction with contact quantity | Mixed Models Analysis | .99 | Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health | Superiority |
| Time x condition interaction predicting knowing others' experience | Mixed Models Analysis | .87 | Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health | Superiority |
| Time x condition interaction predicting shared understanding | Mixed Models Analysis | .98 | Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health | Superiority |
| Time x condition interaction predicting relationship salience | Mixed Models Analysis | .76 | Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health | Superiority |
| Posttest |
|
|
| Positive Affect Posttest |
|
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| Negative Affect Pretest |
|
|
| Negative Affect Posttest |
|
|
| Mixed Models Analysis |
| .83 |
Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health |
| Superiority |
| Posttest |
|
|
| Week 3 |
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| Week 4 |
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| Week 5 |
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| Week 6 |
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| Week 7 |
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| Week 8 |
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| Overload Posttest |
|
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| Relational Deprivation Pretest |
|
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| Relational Deprivation Posttest |
|
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| Job Caregiving Conflict Pretest |
|
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| Job Caregiving Conflict Posttest |
|
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| Role Captivity Pretest |
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| Role Captivity Posttest |
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| Sense of Self Pretest |
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| Sense of Self Posttest |
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| Caregiving Competence Pretest |
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| Caregiving Competence Posttest |
|
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| Management of Situation Pretest |
|
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| Management of Situation Posttest |
|
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| Expressive Support Pretest |
|
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| Expressive Support Posttest |
|
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| Management of Distress Pretest |
|
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| Management of Distress Posttest |
|
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| Management of Meaning Pretest |
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| Management of Meaning Posttest |
|
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| Personal Gain Pretest |
|
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| Personal Gain Posttest |
|
|
| Mixed Models Analysis |
| .75 |
Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health |
| Superiority |
| Time x condition interaction predicting relational deprivation | Mixed Models Analysis | .59 | Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health | Superiority |
| Time x condition interaction predicting job caregiving conflict | Mixed Models Analysis | .51 | Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health | Superiority |
| Time x condition interaction predicting role captivity | Mixed Models Analysis | .25 | Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health | Superiority |
| Time x condition interaction predicting sense of self | Mixed Models Analysis | .34 | Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health | Superiority |
| Time x condition interaction predicting personal gain | Mixed Models Analysis | .75 | Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health | Superiority |
| Time x condition interaction predicting caregiving competence | Mixed Models Analysis | .99 | Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health | Superiority |
| Time x condition interaction predicting management of situition | Mixed Models Analysis | .61 | Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health | Superiority |
| Time x condition interaction predicting management of meaning | Mixed Models Analysis | .92 | Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health | Superiority |
| Time x condition interaction predicting expressive support | Mixed Models Analysis | .96 | Controlled for age, sex, education, and self-reported functional health | Superiority |
| Posttest |
|
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| Posttest |
|
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| Posttest |
|
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| Posttest |
|
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