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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| UL1TR003017 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) | NIH |
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The proposed study will develop, test, and collect implementation data on a youth-led hypertension (HTN) education intervention, which will act as an electronic tool to guide youth through learning and then teaching adults on how to achieve better HTN control. Adults with HTN and youth will be recruited for user-centered design sessions to provide input in the development of a youth-led HTN education digital badge. The investigators will then recruit adult emergency department (ED) patients with uncontrolled HTN (blood pressure (BP) ≥130/80 mm Hg) who know (friend or family member) a youth (14-24 years old) and the youth themselves for a RCT. The adult plus youth dyad will be randomized to either: 1) intervention arm- 6-week youth-led HTN education digital badge at home- or 2) control arm- 6-week youth job readiness digital badge at home. In addition to the primary study outcome of adult BP change 2-months post-intervention, the investigator will collect secondary outcomes of HTN knowledge and youth self-efficacy, as well as implementation metrics of intervention acceptability, feasibility, and fidelity. Due to challenges recruiting youth through adults in the ED, we will be adding a cohort to the study where we will recruit interested youth from New Brunswick Health Sciences Technology High School (NBHSTHS).
Specific aims are:
Aim 1: Create a youth-led HTN education digital badge by means of user-centered design methods and community engagement with adults with HTN and youth to obtain input on the contents of the digital badge prior to implementation.
Aim 1a: The hypertension knowledge assessment being used in the study has not been used before on youth or Spanish-speaking populations, so the investigators will obtain feedback on the assessment from these groups.
Aim 2: Evaluate the effectiveness of a youth-led HTN education digital badge intervention on the primary outcome of mean systolic BP and diastolic BP change in adults with uncontrolled HTN at 2-months post-intervention compared to the control group (for participants recruited from the ED). Additionally, evaluate change in HTN knowledge and youth self-efficacy.
Aim 3: Evaluate the implementation process of the youth-led HTN education digital badge by collecting qualitative and quantitative data on acceptability, feasibility, and fidelity of the intervention by participants.
The proposed study will integrate user-centered design, community engagement, and implementation science, with a randomized controlled trial (RCT), to develop, test, and collect implementation data on a youth-led hypertension (HTN) education digital badge. The badge will act as an electronic tool to guide youth through learning and then teaching adults on how to achieve better HTN control. Adults with HTN and youth will be recruited for user-centered design sessions to provide input in the development of a youth-led HTN education digital badge. The investigators will then recruit adult emergency department (ED) patients with uncontrolled HTN (blood pressure (BP) ≥130/80 mm Hg) who know (friend or family member) a youth (14-24 years old) and the youth themselves for a RCT. The adult plus youth dyad will be randomized to either: 1) intervention arm- 6-week youth-led HTN education digital badge at home- or 2) control arm- 6-week youth job readiness digital badge at home. In addition to the primary study outcome of adult BP change 2-months post-intervention, the investigator will collect secondary outcomes of HTN knowledge and youth self-efficacy, as well as implementation metrics of intervention acceptability, feasibility, and fidelity.
Due to challenges recruiting youth through adults in the ED, we will be adding a cohort to the study. For this new cohort of the study, we will recruit interested youth from New Brunswick Health Sciences Technology High School (NBHSTHS). Students will be asked to pair themselves with an adult (18+) (preference for adult who has been diagnosed with hypertension, but not mandatory) with an existing relationship with the student where it would be feasible to complete an online module together 1 hour per week for 6 weeks. The adult must be fluent in English or Spanish and the student must be able to speak the fluent language of the adult. We will evaluate the youth-led digital hypertension (HTN) education intervention- an electronic tool to guide youth through learning and then teaching and supporting adults on how to control hypertension (for adults with hypertension) and how to avoid it (for adults without hypertension). Outcomes of interest are HTN knowledge, confidence in HTN management, and health behavior changes in participants, which will be obtained through pre- and post- intervention assessments. We will also be exploring outcomes of participant acceptability, feasibility, and fidelity of the intervention.
Specific aims are:
Aim 1: Create a youth-led HTN education digital badge by means of user-centered design methods and community engagement with adults with HTN and youth to obtain input on the contents of the digital badge prior to implementation.
Aim 1a: The hypertension knowledge assessment being used in the study has not been used before on youth or Spanish-speaking populations, so the investigators will obtain feedback on the assessment from these groups.
Aim 2: Evaluate the effectiveness of a youth-led HTN education digital badge intervention on the primary outcome of mean systolic BP and diastolic BP change in adults with uncontrolled HTN at 2-months post-intervention compared to the control group (for participants recruited from the ED). Additionally, evaluate change in HTN knowledge and youth self-efficacy.
Aim 3: Evaluate the implementation process of the youth-led HTN education digital badge by collecting qualitative and quantitative data on acceptability, feasibility, and fidelity of the intervention by participants.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention Arm | Experimental | The intervention is a youth-led HTN education digital intervention, which will be comprised of a 6-week playlist of one module per week comprising the playlist. Youth will learn from the module and will teach the adult in their dyad about hypertension education in each week's themed module. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Youth-Led Hypertension Education Digital Intervention | Behavioral | The intervention is a youth-led HTN education digital intervention, which will be comprised of a 6-week playlist of one module per week comprising the playlist. Youth will learn from the module and will teach the adult in their dyad about hypertension education in each week's themed module. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| School Cohort: Hypertension Knowledge (Youth and Adult) | Using 21-question assessment adapted from Williams et al.'s 1998 hypertension knowledge tool. Results reported are the mean number of questions correct out of 21. | At end of 6-week intervention, and 1 month post-6-week intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| ED Cohort: Hypertension Knowledge (Youth and Adult) | Using assessment adapted from Williams et al.'s 1998 hypertension knowledge tool | Baseline and 1 week and 2 months post-intervention completion |
| ED Cohort: Youth Self-efficacy |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| For ED Cohort: Blood Pressure Change | Change in systolic and diastolic adult blood pressure (in mm Hg) | Baseline to 1 week and 2 months post-intervention completion |
Inclusion Criteria:
School cohort: Youth Eligibility: Any interested student at New Brunswick Health Sciences Technology High School.
Adult Eligibility: Adult (18+) (preference for adult who has been diagnosed with hypertension) with an existing relationship with the youth where it would be feasible to complete an online module together 1 hour per week for 6 weeks. Fluency in English or Spanish (youth must be able to speak fluent language).
Exclusion Criteria:
School cohort: People who cannot take part in the study are people who are not able to speak fluently in English or Spanish (youth and adult must be able to speak the same language), and youth with no access to the internet or a data plan and a smart phone or computer.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School | New Brunswick | New Jersey | 08901 | United States |
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Due to recruitment challenges for the ED cohort, Aim 2 of the study was changed from recruitment in the ED to recruitment in a school. Hence, we only have data for the school cohort. Additionally, the number of participants represents both members of each dyad (adults and youth) combined.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Aim 2 School Cohort | The intervention is a youth-led HTN education digital intervention, which will be comprised of a 6-week playlist of one module per week comprising the playlist. Youth will learn from the module and will teach the adult in their dyad about hypertension education in each week's themed module. Youth-Led Hypertension Education Digital Intervention: The intervention is a youth-led HTN education digital intervention, which will be comprised of a 6-week playlist of one module per week comprising the playlist. Youth will learn from the module and will teach the adult in their dyad about hypertension education in each week's themed module. The number of people listed here are adults and youth combined (total number of people, not dyads). |
| FG001 | Aim 1 Participants | Qualitative interviews and focus groups to develop the intervention. |
| FG002 | Aim 2 ED Cohort | Participants recruited in the ED for Aim 2 of study. Enrollment was very low with less engagement and no dyads completed the intervention, so shifted to recruitment in the school. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
34 participants enrolled in Aim 2: School, 22 participants enrolled in Aim 1, 4 participants enrolled in Aim 2: ED Cohort (none completed the study from the ED cohort).
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Aim 2: School Cohort | The intervention is a youth-led HTN education digital intervention, which will be comprised of a 6-week playlist of one module per week comprising the playlist. Youth will learn from the module and will teach the adult in their dyad about hypertension education in each week's themed module. Youth-Led Hypertension Education Digital Intervention: The intervention is a youth-led HTN education digital intervention, which will be comprised of a 6-week playlist of one module per week comprising the playlist. Youth will learn from the module and will teach the adult in their dyad about hypertension education in each week's themed module. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | This is a dyad study of adult-youth dyads so adult and youth participants are separated. |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | School Cohort: Hypertension Knowledge (Youth and Adult) | Using 21-question assessment adapted from Williams et al.'s 1998 hypertension knowledge tool. Results reported are the mean number of questions correct out of 21. | High Blood Pressure Knowledge (# correct responses), Mean (SD), [95% CI] | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | number of questions correct out of 21 | At end of 6-week intervention, and 1 month post-6-week intervention |
|
10 weeks
Includes adverse events for both adult and youth participants. (No adverse events transpired.)
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Intervention Arm | The intervention is a youth-led HTN education digital intervention, which will be comprised of a 6-week playlist of one module per week comprising the playlist. Youth will learn from the module and will teach the adult in their dyad about hypertension education in each week's themed module. Youth-Led Hypertension Education Digital Intervention: The intervention is a youth-led HTN education digital intervention, which will be comprised of a 6-week playlist of one module per week comprising the playlist. Youth will learn from the module and will teach the adult in their dyad about hypertension education in each week's themed module. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sara Heinert, PhD, MPH | Rutgers University | 732-235-7872 | sara.heinert@rutgers.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Feb 9, 2023 | Oct 17, 2025 | Prot_SAP_001.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Feb 9, 2023 | Sep 29, 2025 | ICF_002.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006973 | Hypertension |
| D000294 | Adolescent Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
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Study transitioned from a randomized controlled trial to a single group study. The total participants enrolled in the trial include all aspects of the study (including qualitative focus groups and interviews).
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Using a 3-item investigator-created assessment tool on confidence in managing high blood pressure
| Baseline and 1 week and 2 months post-intervention completion |
| School Cohort: Youth Self-efficacy | To measure youth confidence helping an adult manage hypertension, investigators created a 3-item assessment from 1 (not at all confident) to 10 (totally confident), on confidence to 1) teach, 2) encourage, and 3) help an adult lower their BP. The outcome measure represents the mean for each of the three items. | At end of 6-week intervention and 1 month post-6-week intervention |
| ED Cohort: Adult Blood Pressure Self-care | Using the Adult Blood Pressure Self-Care Scale (Warren-Findlow et al.) | Baseline and 1 week and 2 months post-intervention completion |
| School Cohort: Adult Blood Pressure Self-care | Mean using the 10-question Adult Blood Pressure Self-Care Scale (Peters & Templin, 2010), which states: "In general, how often are the following statements true about you?" on a scale of 1-Never to 7-Always for self-reported frequency of behaviors (e.g. diet, exercise) that control BP. (e.g.: "I am eating a low-salt diet each day.") | At end of 6-week intervention and 1 month post-6-week intervention |
| ED Cohort: Adult Self-efficacy to Manage HTN | Using Adult Self-Efficacy to Manage Hypertension Scale (Warren-Findlow et al.) | Baseline and 1 week and 2 months post-intervention completion |
| School Cohort: Adult Self-efficacy to Manage HTN | Mean using the 5-question Adult Self-Efficacy to Manage Hypertension Scale (Warren-Findlow et al.) which asks about confidence in managing BP control behaviors on a scale of 1-not at all confident to 10-totally confident. | At end of 6-week intervention and 1 month post-6-week intervention |
| BG001 | Aim 1 Participants | To develop the youth-led HTN digital intervention, we conducted a formative study to determine acceptable and easily comprehensible ways to present hypertension information to adults with hypertension and optimal ways to engage youth to support adults on how to achieve better hypertension control. After creating an intervention prototype with 6 weekly self-guided hypertension online modules, we recruited 12 youth (adolescents, aged 15-18 years) for 3 focus groups and 10 adult ED patients with hypertension for individual online interviews to garner feedback on the prototype. After completing a brief questionnaire, participants were asked about experiences with hypertension, preferences for a hypertension education intervention, and acceptability, feasibility, obstacles, and solutions for intervention implementation with youth and adults. |
| BG002 | Aim 2: ED Cohort | We found little success recruiting participants through the emergency department. No participants completed the study and we shifted to recruitment through a local high school (see Aim 2: School Cohort). |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Mean |
| Standard Deviation |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | This is a dyad study of adult-youth dyads so adult and youth participants are separated. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | This is a dyad study of adult-youth dyads so adult and youth participants are separated. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| HTN Knowledge | Aim 2: 17 youth and 17 adults for school cohort and 2 youth and 2 adults for ED cohort. This variable was not collected for Aim 1 participants. | Mean | Standard Deviation | questions correct out of 21 total |
|
| Youth- Confidence in Managing High Blood Pressure | Only measured in youth. This variable was not collected for Aim 1 participants. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Adult- Blood Pressure Self-Care Scale | Only measured in adults. This variable was not collected for Aim 1 participants. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Adult Self-Efficacy to Manage Hypertension Scale | Only for adults with diagnosed hypertension. This variable was not collected for Aim 1 participants. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| OG001 | Adults | The intervention is a youth-led HTN education digital intervention, which will be comprised of a 6-week playlist of one module per week comprising the playlist. Youth will learn from the module and will teach the adult in their dyad about hypertension education in each week's themed module. Youth-Led Hypertension Education Digital Intervention: The intervention is a youth-led HTN education digital intervention, which will be comprised of a 6-week playlist of one module per week comprising the playlist. Youth will learn from the module and will teach the adult in their dyad about hypertension education in each week's themed module. |
|
|
|
| Secondary | ED Cohort: Hypertension Knowledge (Youth and Adult) | Using assessment adapted from Williams et al.'s 1998 hypertension knowledge tool | Due to recruitment challenges for the ED cohort, the study was changed from recruitment in the ED to recruitment in a school. Hence, we only have data for the school cohort. No participants enrolled in the ED cohort completed the study (1 dyad- 1 adult and 1 youth were lost to follow-up and 1 dyad- 1 adult and 1 youth discontinued the intervention). No outcome data were collected from the ED cohort. | Posted | Baseline and 1 week and 2 months post-intervention completion |
|
|
| Secondary | ED Cohort: Youth Self-efficacy | Using a 3-item investigator-created assessment tool on confidence in managing high blood pressure | Due to recruitment challenges for the ED cohort, the study was changed from recruitment in the ED to recruitment in a school. Hence, we only have data for the school cohort. No participants enrolled in the ED cohort completed the study (1 dyad- 1 adult and 1 youth were lost to follow-up and 1 dyad- 1 adult and 1 youth discontinued the intervention). No outcome data were collected from the ED cohort. | Posted | Baseline and 1 week and 2 months post-intervention completion |
|
|
| Secondary | School Cohort: Youth Self-efficacy | To measure youth confidence helping an adult manage hypertension, investigators created a 3-item assessment from 1 (not at all confident) to 10 (totally confident), on confidence to 1) teach, 2) encourage, and 3) help an adult lower their BP. The outcome measure represents the mean for each of the three items. | Participants completed the assessment at post-intervention and 1-month post-intervention. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | At end of 6-week intervention and 1 month post-6-week intervention |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | ED Cohort: Adult Blood Pressure Self-care | Using the Adult Blood Pressure Self-Care Scale (Warren-Findlow et al.) | Due to recruitment challenges for the ED cohort, the study was changed from recruitment in the ED to recruitment in a school. Hence, we only have data for the school cohort. No participants enrolled in the ED cohort completed the study (1 dyad- 1 adult and 1 youth were lost to follow-up and 1 dyad- 1 adult and 1 youth discontinued the intervention). No outcome data were collected from the ED cohort. | Posted | Baseline and 1 week and 2 months post-intervention completion |
|
|
| Secondary | School Cohort: Adult Blood Pressure Self-care | Mean using the 10-question Adult Blood Pressure Self-Care Scale (Peters & Templin, 2010), which states: "In general, how often are the following statements true about you?" on a scale of 1-Never to 7-Always for self-reported frequency of behaviors (e.g. diet, exercise) that control BP. (e.g.: "I am eating a low-salt diet each day.") | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | At end of 6-week intervention and 1 month post-6-week intervention |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | ED Cohort: Adult Self-efficacy to Manage HTN | Using Adult Self-Efficacy to Manage Hypertension Scale (Warren-Findlow et al.) | Due to recruitment challenges for the ED cohort, the study was changed from recruitment in the ED to recruitment in a school. Hence, we only have data for the school cohort. No participants enrolled in the ED cohort completed the study (1 dyad- 1 adult and 1 youth were lost to follow-up and 1 dyad- 1 adult and 1 youth discontinued the intervention). No outcome data were collected from the ED cohort. | Posted | Baseline and 1 week and 2 months post-intervention completion |
|
|
| Secondary | School Cohort: Adult Self-efficacy to Manage HTN | Mean using the 5-question Adult Self-Efficacy to Manage Hypertension Scale (Warren-Findlow et al.) which asks about confidence in managing BP control behaviors on a scale of 1-not at all confident to 10-totally confident. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | At end of 6-week intervention and 1 month post-6-week intervention |
|
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| Other Pre-specified | For ED Cohort: Blood Pressure Change | Change in systolic and diastolic adult blood pressure (in mm Hg) | Due to recruitment challenges for the ED cohort, the study was changed from recruitment in the ED to recruitment in a school. Hence, we only have data for the school cohort. No outcome data were collected from the ED cohort. | Posted | Baseline to 1 week and 2 months post-intervention completion |
|
|
| 0 |
| 38 |
| 0 |
| 38 |
| 0 |
| 38 |
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| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
|
| Male |
|
| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
| Female |
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| Male |
|
| Asian |
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| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
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| Black or African American |
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| White |
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| More than one race |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
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| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native |
|
| Asian |
|
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
|
| Black or African American |
|
| White |
|
| More than one race |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
|
|
| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
|
| Help an adult lower their BP. |
|
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to post-intervention for the statement: "Teach an adult how to lower their high BP." (d2) | Cohen's d | 0.821 | 2-Sided | d2 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the change from baseline to follow-up, to provide an effect size that would be useful for planning similar before-after studies. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to 1-month post-intervention for the statement: "Teach an adult how to lower their high BP." (d1) | Cohen's d | 0.870 | 2-Sided | d1 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the outcome at baseline to provide an effect size that might approximate one found in a randomized clinical trial if the placebo group saw no change from baseline. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to 1-month post-intervention for the statement: "Teach an adult how to lower their high BP." (d2) | Cohen's d | 0.782 | 2-Sided | d2 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the change from baseline to follow-up, to provide an effect size that would be useful for planning similar before-after studies. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to post-intervention for the statement: "Encourage an adult to lower their high BP." (d1) | Cohen's d | 0.643 | 2-Sided | d1 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the outcome at baseline to provide an effect size that might approximate one found in a randomized clinical trial if the placebo group saw no change from baseline. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to post-intervention for the statement: "Encourage an adult to lower their high BP." (d2) | Cohen's d | 0.616 | 2-Sided | d2 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the change from baseline to follow-up, to provide an effect size that would be useful for planning similar before-after studies. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to 1-month post-intervention for the statement: "Encourage an adult to lower their high BP." (d1) | Cohen's d | 0.724 | 2-Sided | d1 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the outcome at baseline to provide an effect size that might approximate one found in a randomized clinical trial if the placebo group saw no change from baseline. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to 1-month post-intervention for the statement: "Encourage an adult to lower their high BP." (d2) | Cohen's d | 0.683 | 2-Sided | d2 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the change from baseline to follow-up, to provide an effect size that would be useful for planning similar before-after studies. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to post-intervention for the statement: "Help an adult lower their BP." (d1) | Cohen's d | 0.720 | 2-Sided | d1 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the outcome at baseline to provide an effect size that might approximate one found in a randomized clinical trial if the placebo group saw no change from baseline. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to post-intervention for the statement: "Help an adult lower their BP." (d2) | Cohen's d | 0.667 | 2-Sided | d2 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the change from baseline to follow-up, to provide an effect size that would be useful for planning similar before-after studies. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to 1-month post-intervention for the statement: "Help an adult lower their BP." (d1) | Cohen's d | 0.720 | 2-Sided | d1 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the outcome at baseline to provide an effect size that might approximate one found in a randomized clinical trial if the placebo group saw no change from baseline. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to 1-month post-intervention for the statement: "Help an adult lower their BP." (d2) | Cohen's d | 0.627 | 2-Sided | d2 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the change from baseline to follow-up, to provide an effect size that would be useful for planning similar before-after studies. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |
|
Comparison of effect size: baseline to post-intervention (d2) |
| Cohen's d |
| 1.691 |
| 2-Sided |
d2 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the change from baseline to follow-up, to provide an effect size that would be useful for planning similar before-after studies. |
| Other |
Effect size (Cohen's d) |
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to 1-month post-intervention (d1) | Cohen's d | 1.841 | 2-Sided | d1 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the outcome at baseline to provide an effect size that might approximate one found in a randomized clinical trial if the placebo group saw no change from baseline. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to 1-month post-intervention (d2) | Cohen's d | 1.451 | 2-Sided | d2 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the change from baseline to follow-up, to provide an effect size that would be useful for planning similar before-after studies. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |
|
Comparison of effect size: baseline to post-intervention (d2) |
| Cohen's d |
| 1.266 |
| 2-Sided |
d2 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the change from baseline to follow-up, to provide an effect size that would be useful for planning similar before-after studies. |
| Other |
Effect size (Cohen's d) |
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to 1-month post-intervention (d1) | Cohen's d | 0.894 | 2-Sided | d1 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the outcome at baseline to provide an effect size that might approximate one found in a randomized clinical trial if the placebo group saw no change from baseline. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |
| Comparison of effect size: baseline to 1-month post-intervention (d2) | Cohen's d | 1.149 | 2-Sided | d2 is mean change from baseline to follow-up divided by the standard deviation of the change from baseline to follow-up, to provide an effect size that would be useful for planning similar before-after studies. | Other | Effect size (Cohen's d) |