Punctal stenosis is an important etiological factor that should be considered when assessing patients with epiphora. Anatomically, acquired punctal stenosis is a condition in which the external opening of the lacrimal canaliculus is narrowed or occluded and also can be accompanied by canalicular ductal stenosis.1,2. Defining an anatomical clear cut-off value for punctal stenosis is difficult due to wide variations in patients' demographics. Clinically, punctal stenosis is defined as a punctum size restricting tear drainage in the absence of distal tear drainage abnormalities.2 Acquired punctal stenosis can be involutional, inflammatory, infectious or idiopathic.3,4 Inflammatory endogenous causes include chronic blepharitis, dry eye disease and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.3 Exogenous noxious stimuli may be chemical such as topical or systemic medications, or physical as irradiation or mechanical. The harmful effect of topical medications such as antiglaucomatous drops, dexamesathone, mitomycin-C and the systemic medications such 5-Fluorouracil or paclitaxel may be related to the medication themselves, the preservatives as benzalkonium chloride in the commercial preparations, or duration of treatment with those medications.3,5-9 The basic ultra-structure response to those various noxious stimuli is early punctal occlusion by edema which is followed by conjunctival overgrowth, keratinization of punctal walls and cicatricial punctal stenosis.

Although spectral-domain OCT is still being widely used on the retina, its anterior segment module is considered a new modality for imaging of proximal lacrimal excretory passage and tears meniscus height (TMH).

Recent studies showed the ability of using AS-OCT to differentiate between various punctal causes of epiphora and improve the understanding of the lacrimal punctal structure in vivo.10-12 The aim of this work is to evaluate the role of AS-OCT in evaluation the punctal changes after treatment by antibiotics and steroids.

Punctal stenosis is an important etiological factor that should be considered when assessing patients with epiphora. Anatomically, acquired punctal stenosis is a condition in which the external opening of the lacrimal canaliculus is narrowed or occluded and also can be accompanied by canalicular ductal stenosis.1,2. Defining an anatomical clear cut-off value for punctal stenosis is difficult due to wide variations in patients' demographics. Clinically, punctal stenosis is defined as a punctum size restricting tear drainage in the absence of distal tear drainage abnormalities.2 Acquired punctal stenosis can be involutional, inflammatory, infectious or idiopathic.3,4 Inflammatory endogenous causes include chronic blepharitis, dry eye disease and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.3 Exogenous noxious stimuli may be chemical such as topical or systemic medications, or physical as irradiation or mechanical. The harmful effect of topical medications such as antiglaucomatous drops, dexamesathone, mitomycin-C and the systemic medications such 5-Fluorouracil or paclitaxel may be related to the medication themselves, the preservatives as benzalkonium chloride in the commercial preparations, or duration of treatment with those medications.3,5-9 The basic ultra-structure response to those various noxious stimuli is early punctal occlusion by edema which is followed by conjunctival overgrowth, keratinization of punctal walls and cicatricial punctal stenosis.

Although spectral-domain OCT is still being widely used on the retina, its anterior segment module is considered a new modality for imaging of proximal lacrimal excretory passage and tears meniscus height (TMH).

Recent studies showed the ability of using AS-OCT to differentiate between various punctal causes of epiphora and improve the understanding of the lacrimal punctal structure in vivo.10-12 The aim of this work is to evaluate the role of AS-OCT in evaluation the punctal changes after treatment by antibiotics and steroids.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients included aged 21 years or more who developed acquired inflammatory punctal edema and were complaining of epiphora. Epiphora of the included groups was grade2 according to Kashkoli's classification and grade 1:5 according to Munk's classification.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients excluded who had history of previous ocular and lacrimal surgery, trauma, lower lid margin malposition or laxity, dry eye (for control group), glaucoma, corneal abnormalities (abrasions, keratitis), congenital punctal anomalies, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, mucocele, pyocele were excluded.

All of the individual participant data collected during the trial, after deidentification

immediatly and no end time

punctal stenosis