Potential participants are provided with a flyer with directions to enroll online. Groups are randomized by zip code (all participants with the same zip code receive the same training to avoid contamination by precinct) Both the experimental and control groups first take the online GetNaloxoneNow.org First Responder training; then the experimental group takes the online OPS training and the control group takes the online COVID training. Both groups take a pre-survey prior to both trainings and a post-survey after they complete both trainings. Both groups also receive (via email) a resource list with information that was provided in their respective trainings plus additional resources re: occupational risk reduction appropriate to each training. Every quarter for one year, participants are emailed a reminder to get back online to take the survey again.

Number of episodes in the past 30 days involving drug confiscation (with/without proper technique).

To avoid being stuck with a needle, police officers should (select ALL that apply)

The evidentiary value of syringes and any drug residue therein is (fill in the blank by checking only one response).

5) Possession of syringes is (fill in the blank by checking only one response). 6) Confiscating syringes from people who inject drugs... (check all that apply): 7) Testing and precautionary treatment of any NSI is important, because... (fill in the blank by checking only one response).

Possession of syringes is (fill in the blank by checking only one response). 6) Confiscating syringes from people who inject drugs... (check all that apply): 7) Testing and precautionary treatment of any NSI is important, because... (fill in the blank by checking only one response).

Confiscating syringes from people who inject drugs... (check all that apply):

7) Testing and precautionary treatment of any NSI is important, because... (fill in the blank by checking only one response).

Testing and precautionary treatment of any NSI is important, because... (fill in the blank by checking only one response).

Please indicate your agreement with the following statements relating to needle stick prevention and response (1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = disagree, 5 = strongly disagree):

1. I feel confident in my ability to avoid needlestick injuries.
2. I feel confident in my ability to get people who inject drugs to tell me if they have sharps before I search them.
3. I feel confident in my ability to conduct a Terry Stop with minimal risk of a needlestick injury.
4. In the event of needle stick injury, I would know the response protocol.
5. In the event of a needle stick injury, I feel confident in my ability to get the right testing and medical care.
6. In the event of a needle stick injury, I feel comfortable talking to the owner of the needle about coming with me to get tested.

(1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = disagree, 5 = strongly disagree):

1. A first responder's risk of experiencing an overdose from touching fentanyl is high (select one response)
2. A first responder's risk of experiencing an overdose from breathing fentanyl is high (select one response)
3. Possession of naloxone by civilians is authorized only when accompanied with a valid prescription (select one response)
4. The 911 Good Samaritan Law... (fill in the blank and select all that apply)
5. When called to an overdose scene, it is best practice for police officers to... (fill in the blank and select all that apply)

Response options: (1 = all the time, 2 = most of the time, 3 = sometimes, 4 = rarely, 5 = never):

1. I am confident that I won't overdose from incidental skin contact with fentanyl.
2. I am confident about my ability to use basic protective equipment to avoid fentanyl exposure.
3. I am confident that I can recognize an opioid overdose when I see it.
4. I am confident that I can effectively reverse an overdose using rescue techniques and naloxone.
5. I am confident that I know how to conduct myself at an overdose scene to safeguard public health and public safety.

• I am confident that I won't overdose from incidental skin contact with fentanyl.
• I am confident about my ability to use basic protective equipment to avoid fentanyl exposure Response options: 1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = disagree, 5 = strongly disagree

The items related to a participant's ability to recognize and respond to an opioid-related overdose, with or without naloxone, were adapted from the Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS).

• I am confident that I can effectively reverse an overdose using rescue techniques and naloxone
• I am confident that I can recognize an opioid overdose when I see it.
• I am confident that I know how to conduct myself at an overdose scene to safeguard public health and public safety Response options: 1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = disagree, 5 = strongly disagree

Response options: 1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = disagree, 5 = strongly disagree Providing naloxone to people with addiction enables more risky drug use Distributing naloxone widely in the community is a good way to reduce overdose fatalities Rapidly giving a lot of naloxone (blasting) when reversing an overdose is a good way to teach someone a lesson It is important to prevent overdose risk directly following a period of incarceration I worry about my safety when I encounter people with addiction People with addiction make communities less safe People with addiction can make positive health choices to protect themselves or others When people with addiction are placed in secure /mandated treatment facilities, communities are better off A lot of people with addiction are outsiders coming into communities to peddle drugs

1. Age This construct will be assessed via the following item: What is your age (in years)?
2. Sex This construct will be assessed via the following multiple choice item: What is your gender?
3. Law enforcement rank This construct will be assessed via the following multiple choice item: What is your current rank?
4. Number of years on the job This construct will be assessed via the following item: What is the total number of years you have been working in law enforcement (including work in PA and other states, if relevant)?

Response options: 1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = disagree, 5 = strongly disagree

1. My police agency values administering naloxone.
2. My police agency values linking people who use drugs to treatment.
3. My department does not appreciate effort from me to help people who use drugs get treatment and stay alive.
4. My agency would ignore any complaint from me regarding officer misconduct toward people who use drugs.
5. The agency cares that I do not get hurt by needlestick injuries.
6. The agency is willing to extend itself in order to help me stay safe when handling needles.
7. Helping people who are addicted to drugs is a part of determining who gets promoted in my police agency.
8. The agency cares about my opinions about people who use drugs.
9. The agency wishes to give me all the available resources possible for helping people who use drugs.

The following questions relate to your experiences with opioid overdose. For each item, please choose what best describes your response to each statement (select ONLY one for each item).

1. Over your career, how often have you been at the scene of overdose emergencies?
2. Over your career, how often have you administered naloxone to a civilian experiencing an overdose?
3. Over your career, how often have you administered naloxone to a law enforcement officer experiencing an overdose?
4. Over your career, how often have you been exposed to touching or breathing in powder fentanyl?

The following questions cover your experiences with syringes in the line of duty. Select the one best response for each item:

1. In the last 3 months, how often have you transported syringes (for evidence or other reasons)?
2. In the last 3 months, how often have you discarded syringes in the trash?
3. In the last 3 months, how often have you confiscated syringes from an individual?
4. In the last 3 months, how often have you confiscated naloxone/Narcan?
5. In the last 3 months, how often have you arrested someone for syringe possession?
6. In the last 3 months, how often have you arrested someone for drug possession?
7. Over your entire policing career, how often have you been accidentally stuck by a needle?
8. In the last 3 months, how often were you accidentally stuck by a needle?
9. In the last 3 months, how often have you been at scenes of overdoses?

Now please tell us just about the following events which you may have experienced when responding to an overdose in the past 3 months.

1. When responding to ODs in the past 3 months, how often were you or your partner exposed to fentanyl class drugs?
2. When responding to ODs in the past 3 months, how often have you informed someone about the 911 Good Samaritan Law?
3. When responding to ODs in the past 3 months, how often have you arrested someone at the scene?
4. When responding to ODs in the past 3 months, how often have you administered naloxone to a civilian?

This next set of questions relate to your experiences with other programs in addressing the overdose crisis in your community:

1. In the last 3 months, how often have you provided information about or made referrals to drug treatment programs?
2. In the last 3 months, how often have you made referrals to syringe service programs?
3. In the last 3 months, how often have you made referrals to naloxone distribution programs?
4. In the last 3 months, how often have you made referrals to social support (e.g. housing, employment) programs?