Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is one of the most common causes of vision loss due to retinal vascular disease. Incidence of RVO has been raised in the last years due to increased coexisting systemic vascular risk factors as arterial hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus and COVID-19. Macular edema (ME) is a major sight-threatening complication of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). BRVO and CRVO have the same pathology, an elevation in the intravascular pressure in the occluded vein leading to vascular wall damage causing leakage of fluid and release of inflammatory cytokines as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), respectively.

In the past, the standard treatment for BRVO-related ME was grid laser photocoagulation and for CRVO-related ME was observation. But subsequent randomized controlled trials demonstrated significant functional and anatomical improvements among patients with ME secondary to BRVO or CRVO treated with intravitreal injections of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors or corticosteroids compared to those treated with laser only. Anti-VEGF therapy decrease intravenous pressure, enhance blood flow and improve venous diameter and tortuosity. Also, intravitreal corticosteroid injection has been shown to improve vision and central macular thickness (CMT).

Dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex®, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) has potent antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Also it decreases the vascular permeability playing an important role in treating ME secondary to RVO. However, majority of eyes have been treated previously then shifted to dexamethasone implant as a second line for treatment of refractory RVO related ME.

Aim of the research is To evaluate functional and anatomical outcomes of ozurdex injection in patients with RVO related macular edema.

And evaluation of the safety of ozurdex injections regarding intraocular pressure increase, cataract development or endophthalmitis.

Type of the study: Interventional Case Series. Study Setting: Assiut University Hospital (Ophthalmology Department).

Study subjects:

1. Inclusion criteria:

   1. Patients with macular edema secondary to BRVO and CRVO.
   2. Presence of macular edema >3oo μ on OCT evaluation.
   3. visual acuity of +0.3 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) or worse.

2. Exclusion criteria:

   1. Presence of coexisting retinal disease (such as diabetic retinopathy, age related macular degeneration, vitreo-macular traction, or epiretinal membrane).
   2. Media opacities (cataract) that could decrease visual acuity (VA).
   3. Previous ocular trauma or vitreoretinal surgery.
   4. Patients with glaucoma or known to be steroid responders.

Baseline evaluation:

1. Complete ophthalmic evaluation including assessment of distance BCVA using Snellen charts and will be converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), tonometry, slit-lamp bio microscopy, gonioscopy and dilated fundus examination.
2. Thorough clinical history and review of other systems involvement as well as full drug history.

Imaging:

SD-OCT (Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) with automated CMT measurements through a dilated pupil.

Color fundus photography and fluorescein angiography will be performed for every patient at baseline to document the clinical appearance and type of RVO using Topcon TRC-NW8F (Topcon Medical Systems, Inc., Tokyo, Japan).

OCTA will be performed before and after injection.

Outcome measures:

Primary (main):

• Assessment of VA and CMT improvement after use of dexamethasone implant in macular edema secondary to RVO.

• Evaluation the safety of intravitreal Ozurdex injection regarding adverse events as IOP increase, cataract development or endophthalmitis.

  b. Secondary (subsidiary):

• To evaluate the incidence and onset of occurrence of any adverse event or recurrence.

• To correlate between BCVA and CMT throughout the duration of the study. Data collection: data will recorded in the form of excel spreadsheets. Computer software: SPSS. Statistical tests: Tests of normality will be performed, if data are normally distributed student t-test will be done and if not, Mann-Whitney test will be done.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with macular edema secondary to BRVO and CRVO.
• Presence of macular edema >3oo μ on OCT evaluation.
• visual acuity of +0.3 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) or worse.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Presence of coexisting retinal disease (such as diabetic retinopathy, age related macular degeneration, vitreo-macular traction, or epiretinal membrane).
• Media opacities (cataract) that could decrease visual acuity (VA).
• Previous ocular trauma or vitreoretinal surgery.
• Patients with glaucoma or known to be steroid responders