Transvaginal pelvic mesh implantation（TVM） is a foreign body implantation operation with intraoperative colonization of vaginal bacteria. However, the vaginal microbiome-host interaction and its influence in the mechanism of mesh exposure after TVM remains unclear. This study will enroll post-TVM patients with and without mesh exposure and use their vaginal swabs to perform TRACE-seq and cytokine analysis. The microbiome-host interactions related with mesh exposure and the changes in protein expression will be analyzed.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with "III-IV degree uterine/apex/anterior vaginal wall prolapse and I-II degree of posterior vaginal wall prolapse" who agree to be treated by transvaginal pelvic mesh implantation.
• All surgeries were performed by surgeons with extensive experience in transvaginal mesh implantation (>20 vaginal mesh implantation per year) using macroporous, monofilament, polypropylene mesh.

Exclusion Criteria:

• 1. Have had sex in the past 5 days or had vaginal irrigation;
• 2. Use oral or vaginal antibiotics, antifungal, immunosuppressant, hormone drugs or probiotics for the last 30 days.
• 3. Combined with immunosuppressive diseases, diseases with contraindication of vaginal estrogen such as breast cancer, endometrial cancer.
• 4. If the patient has a uterus before surgery and does not undergo total transvaginal hysterectomy during surgery,
• 5. Intraoperative bladder injury or intraoperative hemorrhage >500ml or postoperative hematoma.

Patients with "III-IV degree uterine/apex/anterior vaginal wall prolapse and I-II degree of posterior vaginal wall prolapse" who agree to be treated by transvaginal pelvic mesh implantation. All surgeries were performed by surgeons with extensive experience in transvaginal mesh implantation (>20 vaginal mesh implantation per year) using macroporous, monofilament, polypropylene mesh.