This is a retrospective study to compare postoperative pain intensity in patients going laparoscopic colorectal surgery with Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS), without ERAS and open colorectal surgery.

This study is a matched case-control study. Control patients will be matched to ERAS cases in a 1:1:1 ratio (laparoscopic surgery with ERAS protocol : laparoscopic surgery without ERAS protocol : open surgery).

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients undergoing colorectal surgery under ERAS program and those with the same sort of laparoscopic surgery without ERAS program as well as those with open colorectal surgery with complete required recorded data.

Exclusion Criteria:

• 1. Patients with incomplete required data on record.
• 2. Those with any major intraoperative or postoperative complications.

Group of interest: Laparoscopic colorectal surgery with Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) program defined as patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery [laparoscopic right / left hemicolectomy, laparoscopic low anterior resection, laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection (APR) and others] under ERAS protocol.

Control 1: Laparoscopic colorectal surgery without Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) program defined as patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery [laparoscopic right / left hemicolectomy, laparoscopic low anterior resection, laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection (APR) and others] under conventional protocol.

Control 2: Open colorectal surgery defined as patients undergoing open laparotomy for colorectal surgery [open right / left hemicolectomy, open low anterior resection, open abdominoperineal resection (APR) and others].

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