Influence of Fluoride Varnish, Ozone and Octenidin on the Incidence of White Spot Lesions and Caries During Orthodontic Treatment - a Randomized Clinical Trial
Influence of Fluoride Varnish, Ozone and Octenidin on the Incidence of White Spot Lesions and Caries During Orthodontic Treatment - a Randomized Clinical Trial
Objectives: to assess the efficiency of four prophylactic protocols on white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment: 1. professional mechanical tooth cleaning (PMTC)+fluoride varnish, 2. PMTC+fluoride varnish+gaseous ozone therapy 3. PMTC+fluoride varnish+domestic octenidin mouth rinse, 4. PMTC+fluoride varnish+domestic octenidin mouth rinse+ gaseous ozone therapy versus a control group not subjected to any prophylactic program.
Materials and Methods: Patients (n=150, 111 women and 39 men, age 16-50y,) who began orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances bonded to both dental arches have been provided with detailed initial oral hygiene instruction recommendations. The hygienic recommendations comprised: toothbrushing every surface after every meal (4 minutes) with a fluoridated toothpaste (1450 ppm) using the roll and Bass methods with a soft toothbrush recommended for fixed appliance, interdental toothbrushes, single-tufted brushes and dental floss recommended for fixed appliance. An instruction leaflet has been delivered to every subject, as well. A reinstruction was made during every control visit referring to the results of the oral hygiene assessment.
Subsequently, the patients were randomly allocated (using number random generator) into five groups (n=30), including four study groups (I, II, III, IV) and one control group (K). Group I: professional mechanical tooth cleaning (PMTC)+fluoride varnish, group II: PMTC+fluoride varnish+gaseous ozone therapy, group III: PMTC+fluoride varnish+domestic octenidin mouth rinse, group IV: PMTC+fluoride varnish+domestic octenidin mouth rinse+ gaseous ozone therapy, control group (K) not subjected to any prophylactic program.
The period of observation was 12 months, with prophylactic visits every four weeks and examinations every 12 weeks. The assessment of white spot lesions was proceeded on the labial surfaces of upper and lower teeth, with patient on the dental chair in proper dental lighting, after cleaning and drying the assessed surfaces.
In the recent years orthodontic treatment has become very popular. Patients seek orthodontic treatment, mainly to improve the esthetics of their smiles, since appearance has become extremely important in the modern society. Another reason to have orthodontic treatment is striving for a better, more comfortable occlusion. However, complications of orthodontic therapy may occur.
Bonding an orthodontic appliance creates environment for bacterial adhesion, with reduced salivary flow. The most retentive sites are: area between the bracket upper surface and gingival margin as well as proximal surfaces. The resulting pH reduction in this area promotes the demineralization process. Enamel demineralization, being an initial stage of caries as well as gingival inflammation belong to the most prevalent detrimental effects resulting from increased accumulation of the biofilm and difficulty to clean these surfaces.
With treatment initiation the microbial environment of the oral cavity changes - increases the number of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans in biofilm.
White spot lesions (WSLs) are the first sings of carious lesions on enamel that can be detected with the naked eye and result from demineralization. WSLs may arise as early as four or even two weeks following bonding fixed appliance creating a need for a clinical intervention.
The most often affected teeth are lateral incisors, followed by canines, premolars and central incisors. There is no side predilection, or difference for upper and lower dental arches. At least one new initial carious lesion is found in 72,9% patients, whereas in 61% cavities develop during the first twelve months of orthodontic treatment. A fast increase of the incidence of WSLs is observed during the first six months of treatment - initial caries is found in 38% patients, after 12 months WSLs are found in 46% patients.
Caries prevention in patients under orthodontic treatment is based on hygienic regimen, in order to prevent biofilm accumulation by proper brushing technique, use of fluoride, as well as bactericidal chemicals, including chlorhexidine, octenidin, ozone, casein phosphopeptides-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP).
The alterations of enamel structure within WSLs are only partially reversible. The number of WSLs does not return to that from before orthodontic treatment even 12 years after debonding. The treatment methods comprise: remineralization (with fluoride or hydroxyapatite), resin infiltration, microabrasion, restorative treatment or veneers, depending on the severity of the destruction .
WSLs constitute a health and an esthetic problem thus introducing preventive measures and early detection of WSLs is essential. A patient prepared for orthodontic treatment should be aware of the need for a high hygienic regimen.
In patients with increased caries risk professional fluoride prophylaxis, using a varnish or gel should be considered. In-office application of fluoride varnish allows for better control of application and is independent from patient's domestic cooperation. A meta-analysis research based on 36 RCTs showed that NaF varnish is the most effective agent in the prevention of orthodontically induced WSLs. Application of fluoride varnish on every orthodontic appointment reduces enamel demineralization by 44% comparing to placebo.
Ozone is a strong oxidant, destructing to pathogens; exerts bactericidal, antiviral and fungicidal activity as well as stimulates tissue metabolism by increasing oxidation. It reduces inflammation, by stimulating interleukin and interferon production, enables remineralization, breaking protein chains and oxidating aminoacids.
Octenidin dihydrochloride exerts antimicrobial action on: S. mutans, Str. sanguis, A. viscosus, A. naeslundii, influencing the biofilm.
Study goals and objectives The aim of the present study was to assess the efficiency of four prophylactic protocols on white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment: 1. professional mechanical tooth cleaning (PMTC)+fluoride varnish, 2. PMTC+fluoride varnish+gaseous ozone therapy 3. PMTC+fluoride varnish+domestic octenidin mouth rinse, 4. PMTC+fluoride varnish+domestic octenidin mouth rinse+ gaseous ozone therapy versus a control group not subjected to any prophylactic program.
Study Design The study was conducted in years 2013-2016 in 150 participants (111 females and 39 males) aged from 16 to 50 years, who were recruited from a pool of patients attending Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry at Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin (KB-0012/124/12) and conducted in accordance with accepted ethical standards for research practice. A written informed consent was obtained from all participants enrolled. The study protocol has been registered in clinicaltrials.gov (reference number NCT04147091).
Methodology Sample size calculation for repeated-measures ANOVA was performed by using the R function wp.rmanova, WebPower package. The power of correlation was established at the level of 0,75.
To participate in the study 167 healthy adults (16-50 years) who began orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances bonded to both dental arches were eligible and consecutively invited. Informed consent was obtained from 150 patients (111 women and 39 men). The patients have been randomly divided (using number random generator) into five groups (n=30), including four study groups (I, II, III, IV) and one control group (K).
Detailed initial oral hygiene instruction recommendations have been provided to every patient. The hygienic recommendations comprised: toothbrushing every surface after every meal (4 minutes) with a fluoridated toothpaste (1450 ppm) using the roll and Bass methods with a soft toothbrush recommended for fixed appliance, interdental toothbrushes, single-tufted brushes and dental floss recommended for fixed appliance. An instruction leaflet has been delivered to every subject, as well. A reinstruction was made during every control visit referring to the results of the oral hygiene assessment.
The distribution of prophylaxis procedures (performed every four weeks) in the study and control groups has been presented in Consort flow diagram. In patients from the study groups I, II, III, IV a professional mechanical tooth cleaning (PMTC) including air-polishing was proceeded on every visit using a glycine-based prophylaxis powder (Air-Flow Soft, EMS, Switzerland).
In patients from groups I, II, III, IV a fluoride varnish of 5% NaF (Profluorid Varnish, Voco, Germany) was applied with a microbrush. Every patient was instructed to stop from drinking and eating for the next two hours (as recommended by the manufacturer).
Patients from groups II and IV were additionally subjected to in-office ozone therapy using OzonyTron-OZ (Mymed, Germany). Ozone was applied on a silicone double-jaw tray of a proper size (allowing even ozone distribution in the oral cavity) following professional mechanical tooth cleaning. A Full Mouth Desinfection program lasting 5 minutes was used.
Patients from groups III and IV received a domestic mouthrinse (Octenidol MD, Schülke, Germany) and were recommended to use 15 ml of the liquid for 30 seconds after evening toothbrushing.
Patients assigned to control group had no professional hygienic or prophylactic procedures performed, despite for initial oral hygiene instruction and written dietetic recommendations.
The period of observation was 12 months, with prophylactic visits every four weeks and examinations every 12 weeks. The assessment of white spot lesions was proceeded on the labial surfaces of upper and lower teeth, with patient on the dental chair in proper dental lighting, after cleaning and drying the assessed surfaces. WSL index according to Gorelick et al. was used as follows:
0 - no visible WSL or surface disruption (no demineralization)
Follow-Up This study has a 1-year follow-up.
Data Management and Statistical Analysis All continuous variables were verified for distribution normality using Kołmogorov-Smirnov test, ShapiroWilk test, also by qqplots. Statistical significance of differences between two groups were analyzed using Student t-test and Mann-Whitney test and between multiple groups - analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey HSD test or Kruskal-Wallis test.
Discontinuous variables were described by their number and frequency of occurrence. Statistical correlations between discontinuous variables were analyzed using χ2 Pearson's test or exact Fisher's test.
For the study of correlations between discontinuous variables: ordinal and nominal (coded variables: 0/1) and continuous variables rank Spearman correlation coefficient was used. The results have been described using the correlation coefficient r and the level of significance p.
All statistical analyzes with data visualization have been programmed in the interpreted programming language "R" with open-source software for data science, scientific research, and technical communication "R studio" version 1.4.1106. The level p=0,051-0,099 has been set as a borderline trend of statistical significance. Computer software STATA 11 (2009) of license No 30110532736 has been used for all analyses.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: