This study aims to determine the clinical effectiveness of multi-dimensional signatures in predicting response and prognosis of lung cancer patients. The study is a multi-center perspective research of treatment planning for patients with lung cancer. To characterize clinical effectiveness, the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) impacts of multi-dimensional signatures will be estimated.

Multi-dimensional signatures, including NGS-based genotyping, and other essential detections such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), provides an opportunity to improve outcomes for patients by tailoring treatments to each individual's genomic profile. This is a multi-center single arm research study integrating multi-dimensional signatures into clinical decision-making for patients with lung cancer. The clinical effectiveness of multi-dimensional signatures is unknown in the real-world of clinics. To identify a counterfactual for Pred-lung approach, matching methods combined with administrative healthcare data will be used. The survival impacts of Pred-lung approach compared to usual care in matched controls will then be estimated.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with locally-advanced or metastasis lung cancer
• Life expectancy > 3 months

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age at diagnosis <18
• refuse to enroll

Patients with locally-advanced or metastasis lung cancer

Individual participant data (IPD) are available upon reasonable requests.