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Feedback delivered during motor practice can help promote motor skill learning, enhance confidence, and alter brain connectivity. However, the optimal way to provide feedback to promote learning, confidence and brain connectivity is unknown. This project will study how the feedback that is provided during practice of a movement skill can help people learn and build confidence and whether these correspond to changes in brain function. The investigators will measure motor skill performance, confidence, and resting state brain connectivity before and after a session of motor practice.
Positive social comparative feedback, which indicate to the learner that they are performing above average, is one way to enhance a learner's expectancies about future performance. Expectancies include the learners' perceived competence about their ability to perform the task, expectations about task outcome (success or failure), and predictions of extrinsic reward or positive experiences related to performance. Positive feedback during motor practice enhances expectancies, which is hypothesized to be rewarding to the learner, leading to better skill performance and learning. Reward is a powerful shaper of behavior. However, while social comparative feedback supports motor skill learning, it is unclear whether positive social comparative feedback induces a response in the dopamine reward network. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the effects of social comparative feedback during motor practice on the functional connectivity of the reward neural network. The study aims to recruit 40 participants who will be randomized into 1 of 2 feedback groups (performance feedback or performance plus positive feedback). Participants will practice a motor sequence task on a single day and then return for retention performance testing about 24 hours later. Measures of brain function and brain structure will be collected before and after practice on day 1. Changes in performance (response time to complete a sequence) and self-efficacy will be measured from baseline to 24 hours later at retention. Changes in brain functional connectivity over practice on day 1 will be assessed in the reward network and the motor network.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Performance Feedback | Experimental | Practice of a joystick based motor sequence task. Participants receive feedback on their response time to complete the trials in the practice block. |
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| Performance plus Positive Feedback | Experimental | Practice of a joystick based motor sequence task. Participants receive feedback on their response time to complete the trials in the practice block plus positive social comparative feedback. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motor Sequence Task | Behavioral | Participants will be seated at a laptop with the right hand on a standard joystick. The movement of the joystick will move a cursor on the computer screen. Targets will appear on the laptop screen as a circle in one of twelve spatially distinct locations. The learner must move the joystick "cursor" to inside the target before the next target will appear. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Response Time | Time to complete one sequence | Change from baseline to retention at 24 hours |
| Task Confidence | Self-reported confidence in ability to complete a sequence in a given time on a scale of 0 to 10 with a 10 equating to higher confidence | Change from baseline to retention at 24 hours |
| Brain Connectivity | Resting state connectivity between pairs of brain regions | Change from baseline to immediately after practice |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Peak Velocity | Average speed to capture a target within a sequence | Change from baseline to retention at 24 hours |
| Total Path Distance | Total distance traveled to complete one sequence |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of South Carolina | Columbia | South Carolina | 29208 | United States |
De-identified data will be made available per reasonable request to the principal investigator 1 year after study completion.
1 year after study completion
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| Change from baseline to retention at 24 hours |
| Time to Peak Velocity | Mean time to peak velocity for movement to a target within a sequence | Change from baseline to retention at 24 hours |
| Perceived Competence | Mean score on the Perceived Competence subscale of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory where each item ranges from 0 to 7 with a higher value equating to higher competence | Change from baseline to retention at 24 hours |
| Perceived Interest/Enjoyment | Mean score on the Interest/Enjoyment subscale of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory where each item ranges from 0 to 7 with a higher value equating to higher enjoyment | Change from baseline to retention at 24 hours |
| Positive Affect | Total score for general positive affect on the Positive and Negative Affect Scale with a range from 10 to 50 with higher scores equating to higher positive affect | Change from baseline to retention at 24 hours |
| Peak Velocity | Average speed to capture a target within a sequence | Change from baseline to immediately after practice |
| Total Path Distance | Total distance traveled to complete one sequence | Change from baseline to immediately after practice |
| Time to Peak Velocity | Mean time to peak velocity for movement to a target within a sequence | Change from baseline to immediately after practice |
| Perceived Competence | Mean score on the Perceived Competence subscale of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory where each item ranges from 0 to 7 with a higher value equating to higher competence | Change from baseline to immediately after practice |
| Perceived Interest/Enjoyment | Mean score on the Interest/Enjoyment subscale of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory where each item ranges from 0 to 7 with a higher value equating to higher enjoyment | Change from baseline to immediately after practice |
| Positive Affect | Total score for general positive affect on the Positive and Negative Affect Scale with a range from 10 to 50 with higher scores equating to higher positive affect | Change from baseline to immediately after practice |
| Response Time | Time to complete one sequence | Change from baseline to immediately after practice |
| Task Confidence | Self-reported confidence in ability to complete a sequence in a given time on a scale of 0 to 10 with a 10 equating to higher confidence | Change from baseline to immediately after practice |
| Brain Structure | Structural integrity of white matter pathways in the brain | Baseline assessment |