Ultrasound-guided axillary vein catheterization can be performed via the oblique-axis and long-axis approaches of the axillary vein. The aim of our study is to compare the first puncture success rate and safety between the two approaches of ultrasound-guided axillary vein catheterization in cardiac surgical patients with high bleeding risk

For patients after cardiac surgery, antiplatelet drugs or anticoagulants are usually used for preventing thrombosis. Use of those drugs is associated with increased risk of bleeding. Any invasive procedures may put those patients at additional risk of bleeding. Ultrasound (US) has become widely accepted to guide safe and accurate central venous catheterization. Ultrasound-guided axillary vein catheterization can be performed via the oblique-axis and long-axis approaches of the axillary vein. The aim of our study is to compare the first puncture success rate and safety between the two approaches of ultrasound-guided axillary vein catheterization in cardiac surgical patients with high bleeding risk

Inclusion Criteria:

• Cardiac surgical patients in Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit
• Axillary vein catheterization is needed according to the clinical practice

Exclusion Criteria:

• the proximal and/or distal axillary vein was not clearly visualized or potentially unavailable for catheterization;
• did not receive or had not received oral antiplatelet drugs and/or anticoagulants for less than 3 days;
• already had presence of subclavian or axillary vein catheter;
• required an emergency axillary vein catheterization;
• had fracture of the ipsilateral clavicle or anterior proximal ribs;
• had subclavian and/or axillary vein thrombosis;
• had local infection of the puncture area.