Cirrhotic patients with AVB across 34 university medical centers in 30 cities in China from February 2013 to May 2020 who underwent endoscopy within 24 hours were included in this study. Patients were divided into an urgent endoscopy group (endoscopy <6h after admission) and an early endoscopy group (endoscopy 6-24h after admission). Outcomes included the incidence of 5-day rebleeding, in-hospital mortality, need for intensive care unit (ICU) and the length of hospital stay after the endoscopy management. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify risk factors for rebleeding. A propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to achieve a balance at baseline between the urgent and early groups.

Inclusion Criteria:

• established diagnosis of cirrhosis (based on liver biopsy or the combination of clinical, biochemical, and imaging findings)
• witnessed or reported evidence of gastrointestinal haemorrhage (hematemesis, melenemesis, or hematochezia)
• esophageal or gastric varices confirmed endoscopically as the source of bleeding

Exclusion Criteria:

• severe dysfunction of a major extrahepatic organ (e.g., heart failure, pulmonary disease, and terminal malignancy except hepatocellular carcinoma)
• history of endoscopic therapy for varices (ligation or sclerotherapy) within three months
• incomplete or missing data

Complete demographic and clinical data of patients with cirrhosis associated with AVB who underwent emergency endoscopy within 24 hours between February 2013 and May 2020 across 34 university hospitals from 30 cities in China was retrospectively reviewed. Two independent investigators (Liu C and Huang Y) reviewed the medical records, including demographic, laboratory, clinical and endoscopic data.