The study participants will respond to various visual confusion stimuli presented on a stereoscopic display designed to simulate binocular/monocular visual confusions

Visual confusion: We will show peripheral target images on a background motion in a stereoscopic display. For the binocular visual confusion condition, the target peripheral image will be displayed on only one eye. For unilateral and bilateral monocular visual confusion conditions, the half-transparent peripheral image will be displayed on only one eye and both eyes, respectively.

The visual acuity test is used to determine the smallest letters that a participant can read on a standardized chart (Snellen chart) held 20 feet away. A Snellen fraction of 20/20 indicates normal vision, where the smallest line of letters on the chart can be read from 20 feet away. For example, 20/40 (worse than normal) vision can see a letter clearly at 20 feet that normal vision could see clearly at 40 feet, while 20/10 (better than normal) vision can see a letter clearly at 20 feet that normal vision could see clearly at 10 feet. We measured visual acuity with both eyes open.

Stereo acuity refers to the smallest detectable depth difference that can be perceived through binocular vision. It is measured in terms of the angular difference in arcseconds, with smaller values indicating better acuity. The random dot stereogram is commonly used to measure stereoacuity within the range of 20 to 400 arcseconds. In this test, participants are asked to identify which of three circles appears to float forward or seems "different" from the others. If the participant's stereoacuity is better than the target value, they will be able to discern the differences.

Participants viewed peripheral targets in three different visual confusion conditions (three interventions): binocular visual confusion (unilateral opaque target), unilateral monocular visual confusion (unilateral see-through target), and bilateral monocular visual confusion (bilateral see-through target). Each intervention was presented twice in a randomized order, resulting in a total of six trials. During each trial, a peripheral target was presented in front of a forward-moving background for one minute. Participants were instructed to hold down the controller button while the target was visible and release it when a third or more of the target disappeared. After each trial, participants could take a brief break before the next trial in a different visual confusion condition was presented in a randomized order.