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The purpose of this study is to collect information about whether exenatide (Bydureon) may be safe and helpful as a medication treatment for individuals who want to stop using cocaine.
Although exenatide (Bydureon) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, it has not been approved by the FDA to treat cocaine use; therefore, it is called an investigational drug.
Cocaine use continues to be a significant public health problem with limited treatment options and no approved pharmacotherapies. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptors are located in brain areas important for reward and, as such, appear to play a significant role in modulating addictive-like behaviors and drug use (Eren-Yazicioglu et al. 2020). Extended-release exenatide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist approved by the FDA for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In preclinical studies, exenatide reduces cocaine-seeking and cocaine-taking behavior (Brunchmann et al. 2019). The effect of extended-release exenatide on cocaine use in patients with a cocaine use disorder (CUD) has not yet been investigated. A series of four case studies are being proposed to collect preliminary data on the feasibility, safety, and clinical effects of exenatide in treatment-seeking patients with CUD.
The U.S. is facing a re-emergence of cocaine as an epidemic drug, indicated by increases in availability, use, and overdose deaths following a previous period of decline (Maxwell 2020). Although significant strides have been made in medication development for the treatment of cocaine use disorder (CUD), no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies are currently available. NIDA's current strategic plan prioritizes efforts to accelerate CUD medication development by rigorously testing novel molecular targets based on a translational research approach. Emerging evidence supports the potential clinical utility of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor stimulation for the treatment of substance use disorders, including CUD.
GLP-1 is an incretin hormone that promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Current evidence shows that GLP-1 receptors are widely expressed in areas of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway where they regulate the rewarding value of food and drugs of abuse, including cocaine. Preclinical literature suggests that activation of GLP-1 receptors reduces the rewarding effects of cocaine and cocaine self-administration (e.g., Hernandez et al. 2018; Hernandez et al. 2019). In the human laboratory, acute cocaine administration decreases GLP-1 concentrations, with changes associated with subjective reinforcing responses to cocaine ("feeling high, anxious") (Bouhlal et al. 2017). Thus, there is compelling evidence to hypothesize that exenatide treatment will decrease cocaine use in individuals with CUD. In preparation for conducting a full-scale efficacy trial, the goal of the current proposal is to collect preliminary feasibility, safety, and clinical data on the effects of exenatide in series of four case studies.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exenatide and Drug Counseling | Experimental | Participants will receive once weekly exenatide injections and drug counseling sessions. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exenatide 2 mg [Bydureon] | Drug | Exenatide will be purchased commercially as Bydureon® for subcutaneous (SC) injection and administered at a dose of 2 mg once a week for a total of 6 weeks. Each single-dose, dual-chamber pen contains 0.65 mg of diluent and 2 mg of exenatide, which remains isolated until mixed. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Feasibility as Assessed by Number of Participants Who Completed Treatment | Treatment completion will be assessed by attendance at the end-of-treatment timepoint. | Week 6 |
| Drug Safety as Assessed by Total Number of Adverse Events Reported During Treatment | Adverse events (AEs) will be reported to study nurse during the course of treatment. | From Week 1 to Week 6 |
| Clinical Effect of Exenatide as Assessed by Cocaine Use During Treatment as Indicated by Number of Participants With Cocaine-positive Urine Drug Screen Results | Urine drug screens were performed weekly. For a cocaine-negative urine drug screen result, benzoylecgonine levels must be under 300 ng/mL. | From Week 1 to Week 6 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Feasibility as Assessed by Number of Participants Enrolled | Enrollment will be assessed by the number of participants signing the informed consent. | Week 0 |
| Feasibility as Assessed by Number of Study Visits Attended |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Joy Schmitz, PhD | UT Houston | Principal Investigator |
| Luba Yammine, PhD | UT Houston | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UTHealth Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building | Houston | Texas | 77054 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37579116 | Derived | Yammine L, Balderas JC, Weaver MF, Schmitz JM. Feasibility of Exenatide, a GLP-1R Agonist, for Treating Cocaine Use Disorder: A Case Series Study. J Addict Med. 2023 Jul-Aug 01;17(4):481-484. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000001147. Epub 2023 Feb 17. |
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No plan to share IPD with other researchers.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Exenatide and Drug Counseling | Participants will receive once weekly exenatide injections and drug counseling sessions. Exenatide 2 mg [Bydureon]: Exenatide will be purchased commercially as Bydureon® for subcutaneous (SC) injection and administered at a dose of 2 mg once a week for a total of 6 weeks. Each single-dose, dual-chamber pen contains 0.65 mg of diluent and 2 mg of exenatide, which remains isolated until mixed. Drug Counseling: Once weekly drug counseling sessions for cocaine use with trained masters-level therapists. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Exenatide and Drug Counseling | Participants will receive once weekly exenatide injections and drug counseling sessions. Exenatide 2 mg [Bydureon]: Exenatide will be purchased commercially as Bydureon® for subcutaneous (SC) injection and administered at a dose of 2 mg once a week for a total of 6 weeks. Each single-dose, dual-chamber pen contains 0.65 mg of diluent and 2 mg of exenatide, which remains isolated until mixed. Drug Counseling: Once weekly drug counseling sessions for cocaine use with trained masters-level therapists. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Feasibility as Assessed by Number of Participants Who Completed Treatment | Treatment completion will be assessed by attendance at the end-of-treatment timepoint. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Week 6 |
|
6 weeks
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Exenatide and Drug Counseling | Participants will receive once weekly exenatide injections and drug counseling sessions. Exenatide 2 mg [Bydureon]: Exenatide will be purchased commercially as Bydureon® for subcutaneous (SC) injection and administered at a dose of 2 mg once a week for a total of 6 weeks. Each single-dose, dual-chamber pen contains 0.65 mg of diluent and 2 mg of exenatide, which remains isolated until mixed. Drug Counseling: Once weekly drug counseling sessions for cocaine use with trained masters-level therapists. |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chest pain | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nausea | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joy M Schmitz, PhD | The University of Texas Health Science at Houston | 713-486-2867 | Joy.M.Schmitz@uth.tmc.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jun 3, 2021 | May 31, 2022 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000077270 | Exenatide |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010455 | Peptides |
| D000602 | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins |
| D014688 | Venoms |
| D045424 | Complex Mixtures |
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Case series design run as a single-arm open-label pilot
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|
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| Drug Counseling | Behavioral | Once weekly drug counseling sessions for cocaine use with trained masters-level therapists. |
|
There were 6 study visits planned.
| From Week 1 to Week 6 |
| Feasibility as Assessed by Retention as Indicated by Total Number of Completed Study Visits | Retention will be assessed by the total number of completed study visits. A completed study visit is a visit in which the participant attended and received the study treatment. | From Week 1 to Week 6 |
| Feasibility as Indicated by Overall Acceptability as Reported on the Satisfaction Survey | The Satisfaction Survey includes a 9-point likert scale that ranges from 1 to 9, with a higher score indicating greater acceptability. | Week 6 |
| Clinical Effect of Exenatide as Assessed by Number of Participants Who Self-reported Cocaine Use on 50% or More Days of the Week | Timeline Followback (TLFB) administered once weekly. | From Week 1 to Week 6 |
| Clinical Effect of Exenatide as Indicated by Number of Participants Who Reported a Reduction in Craving by Week 6 as Indicated by Cocaine Craving on the Brief Substance Craving Scale | The brief substance craving scale (BSCS) is a 16-item, self-report instrument that assesses craving for cocaine and other substances of abuse over a 24 hour period. The domains of intensity, frequency, and duration are recorded on a five-point Likert scale. The range of scores for each domain is 0 to 4, and the total score is the sum of all three domains. The total score range is 0 to 12, and higher scores indicate higher craving (worse outcome.) | From Week 0 to Week 6 |
| Clinical Effect of Exenatide as Assessed by Number of Participants Who Had a Decrease in Drug Demand by Week 6 | Drug demand will be measured by the computerized Cocaine Purchasing Task (CPT). The CPT asks participants how much cocaine they would purchase at the beginning of a hypothetical day as the cost of cocaine increases from $0 to $1,000. The CPT simulates changes in price and consumption of drug in order to assess demand curves associated with drug consumption. The CPT will assess both cocaine reward value as well as motivation to consume cocaine. | From Week 0 to Week 6 |
| Clinical Effect of Exenatide as Assessed by Number of Participants Who Were Below the Clinical Range for Depression by Week 6 as Indicated by the Beck Depression Inventory | The Beck Depression Inventory score ranges from 0 to 63, with a higher score indicating greater depressive symptoms. The scores from each timepoint will be plotted as a trend line. | Week 6 |
| Clinical Effect of Exenatide as Indicated by Number of Participants Who Had an Increase in Positive Affect Symptoms by Week 6 as Indicated on the Positive/Negative Affect Schedule | The Positive/Negative Affect Schedule is a 20-item questionnaire divided into 10 positive affect items and 10 negative affect items. The score for the positive affect items ranges from 10 to 50, with a higher score indicating higher levels of positive affect. The scores from each timepoint will be plotted as a trend line. | From Week 0 to Week 6 |
| Clinical Effect of Exenatide as Indicated by Number of Participants Who Had a Decrease in Negative Affect Symptoms Indicated on the Positive/Negative Affect Schedule | The Positive/Negative Affect Schedule is a 20-item questionnaire divided into 10 positive affect items and 10 negative affect items. The score for the negative affect items ranges from 10 to 50, with a lower score indicating lower levels of negative affect. The scores from each timepoint will be plotted as a trend line. | From Week 0 to Week 6 |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Number of Years of Education | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Tobacco Dependency assessed by the Fagerstrom Test | Tobacco dependence was assessed by the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, and results are reported categorically from very low dependence to very high dependence. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| number of days of use of cocaine in the past 30 days | Mean | Standard Deviation | days |
|
| number of days use of alcohol in the past 30 days | Mean | Standard Deviation | days |
|
| number of days use of marijuana in the past 30 days | Mean | Standard Deviation | days |
|
| number of years use of cocaine | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| number of years use of alcohol | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| number of years use of Marijuana | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Units | Counts |
|---|
| Participants |
|
|
| Primary | Drug Safety as Assessed by Total Number of Adverse Events Reported During Treatment | Adverse events (AEs) will be reported to study nurse during the course of treatment. | Posted | Number | adverse events | From Week 1 to Week 6 |
|
|
|
| Primary | Clinical Effect of Exenatide as Assessed by Cocaine Use During Treatment as Indicated by Number of Participants With Cocaine-positive Urine Drug Screen Results | Urine drug screens were performed weekly. For a cocaine-negative urine drug screen result, benzoylecgonine levels must be under 300 ng/mL. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | From Week 1 to Week 6 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Feasibility as Assessed by Number of Participants Enrolled | Enrollment will be assessed by the number of participants signing the informed consent. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Week 0 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Feasibility as Assessed by Number of Study Visits Attended | There were 6 study visits planned. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | study visits | From Week 1 to Week 6 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Feasibility as Assessed by Retention as Indicated by Total Number of Completed Study Visits | Retention will be assessed by the total number of completed study visits. A completed study visit is a visit in which the participant attended and received the study treatment. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | completed study visits | From Week 1 to Week 6 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Feasibility as Indicated by Overall Acceptability as Reported on the Satisfaction Survey | The Satisfaction Survey includes a 9-point likert scale that ranges from 1 to 9, with a higher score indicating greater acceptability. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Week 6 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Clinical Effect of Exenatide as Assessed by Number of Participants Who Self-reported Cocaine Use on 50% or More Days of the Week | Timeline Followback (TLFB) administered once weekly. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | From Week 1 to Week 6 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Clinical Effect of Exenatide as Indicated by Number of Participants Who Reported a Reduction in Craving by Week 6 as Indicated by Cocaine Craving on the Brief Substance Craving Scale | The brief substance craving scale (BSCS) is a 16-item, self-report instrument that assesses craving for cocaine and other substances of abuse over a 24 hour period. The domains of intensity, frequency, and duration are recorded on a five-point Likert scale. The range of scores for each domain is 0 to 4, and the total score is the sum of all three domains. The total score range is 0 to 12, and higher scores indicate higher craving (worse outcome.) | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | From Week 0 to Week 6 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Clinical Effect of Exenatide as Assessed by Number of Participants Who Had a Decrease in Drug Demand by Week 6 | Drug demand will be measured by the computerized Cocaine Purchasing Task (CPT). The CPT asks participants how much cocaine they would purchase at the beginning of a hypothetical day as the cost of cocaine increases from $0 to $1,000. The CPT simulates changes in price and consumption of drug in order to assess demand curves associated with drug consumption. The CPT will assess both cocaine reward value as well as motivation to consume cocaine. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | From Week 0 to Week 6 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Clinical Effect of Exenatide as Assessed by Number of Participants Who Were Below the Clinical Range for Depression by Week 6 as Indicated by the Beck Depression Inventory | The Beck Depression Inventory score ranges from 0 to 63, with a higher score indicating greater depressive symptoms. The scores from each timepoint will be plotted as a trend line. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Week 6 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Clinical Effect of Exenatide as Indicated by Number of Participants Who Had an Increase in Positive Affect Symptoms by Week 6 as Indicated on the Positive/Negative Affect Schedule | The Positive/Negative Affect Schedule is a 20-item questionnaire divided into 10 positive affect items and 10 negative affect items. The score for the positive affect items ranges from 10 to 50, with a higher score indicating higher levels of positive affect. The scores from each timepoint will be plotted as a trend line. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | From Week 0 to Week 6 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Clinical Effect of Exenatide as Indicated by Number of Participants Who Had a Decrease in Negative Affect Symptoms Indicated on the Positive/Negative Affect Schedule | The Positive/Negative Affect Schedule is a 20-item questionnaire divided into 10 positive affect items and 10 negative affect items. The score for the negative affect items ranges from 10 to 50, with a lower score indicating lower levels of negative affect. The scores from each timepoint will be plotted as a trend line. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | From Week 0 to Week 6 |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 3 |
| 1 |
| 3 |
| 2 |
| 3 |
| Dyspepsia | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Headache | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Diarrhea | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Injection Site Pruritus | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
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| D014118 |
| Toxins, Biological |
| D001685 | Biological Factors |
| Title | Measurements |
|---|
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| week 4 |
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| week 5 |
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| week 6 |
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| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
|
| desire to continue treatment |
|
| Title | Measurements |
|---|
|
| week 4 |
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| week 5 |
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| week 6 |
|