The study was closed due to adverse events because the adverse event rate was not lower than the adverse event rate in traditional open esophagectomy.

In Canada, the incidence of esophageal cancer has been increasing over time, while surgical standards for esophageal resections have remained unchanged. Currently, the standard of surgical care for this cancer is Open Transthoracic Esophagectomy (OTE), a highly morbid operation that is associated with a complication rate of 60-80%, and a recovery period of many months. While Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy (MIE) has been developed it has not been adopted because it is highly complex, technically demanding, and has a longer operative time than OTE. With the advent of robotic platforms, Robotic Assisted Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy (RAMIE) has recently emerged as a novel minimally invasive alternative to OTE. RAMIE utilizes the DaVinci Xi robotic surgical platform which offers superior dexterity, 3D-vision, and wristed surgical equipment. To date, case reports and small case series have demonstrated the safety of RAMIE, however it has not been performed yet in Canada, and there has been no randomized trial that has compared RAMIE to OTE. This study proposes to build the infrastructure for introducing RAMIE to Canada, while laying the foundations for a future randomized controlled trial which will compare it to OTE.

In Canada, the incidence of esophageal cancer has been increasing over time. The treatment of patients with cancer of the esophagus is multi-modal, with surgery being the cornerstone of most treatment regimens. Operative treatment is usually performed through Open Transthoracic Esophagectomy (OTE), a highly morbid procedure that is associated with a complication rate of 60-80%, and a recovery period of many months. This standard is being challenged by a growing body of evidence demonstrating that a minimally invasive approach can reduce post-operative morbidity and improve quality-of-life, while still offering an adequate oncological outcome. The minimally invasive alternative to OTE is Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy (MIE). Although MIE has been shown to reduce the morbidity associated with esophagectomy, it has not been widely adopted. This failure of adoption is due to the high complexity of MIE; it is an exceedingly difficult operation, is associated with a very steep learning curve, and can take 8-10 hours to complete. As a result, less than 10% of esophageal cancer programs in Canada have adopted MIE, and there remains a need for a minimally invasive alternative to OTE. Robotic Assisted Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy (RAMIE) has recently emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to OTE. RAMIE utilizes the DaVinci Xi robotic surgical platform which offers superior dexterity, 3D-vision, 7-degrees of freedom for range of motion, and near-infrared imaging for detection of blood vessels. As a result, RAMIE has succeeded where MIE has failed, and has been widely taken up in Europe and the United States.

To date, near-infrared fluorescence (NIF)-guided RAMIE using indocyanine green (ICG) dye has not been performed in Canada, and there has been no randomized trial that has compared NIF-guided RAMIE using ICG dye to OTE. In this study, we propose to build the infrastructure for introducing NIF-guided RAMIE using ICG dye to Canada, while laying the foundations for a future randomized controlled trial (RCT) which will compare it to OTE. This study is a Phase I, single center, prospective feasibility randomized controlled trial with two phases: Phase A: Learning Curve of NIF-guided RAMIE using ICG dye; and Phase B: A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial. In Phase A, 40 patients will be enrolled, and they will all undergo NIF-guided RAMIE using ICG dye. Evidence shows that a surgeon experienced in MIE requires experience of 40 cases to gain proficiency of RAMIE. In Phase B, 54 patients will be enrolled, and they will be randomized to either NIF-guided RAMIE using ICG dye, or OTE.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18 or older
• Clinical Stage I, II, or III esophageal cancer, who are candidates for surgery after discussion in multidisciplinary tumor board.
• Candidates for minimally invasive surgery as determined by the operating surgeon.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Hypersensitivity or allergy to ICG, sodium iodide, or iodine
• Women who are currently pregnant or are breastfeeding; or women of childbearing potential who are not currently taking adequate birth control
• Clinical Stage IV esophageal cancer.
• Not a candidate for minimally invasive surgery as determined by the operating surgeon.