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The important role of Emotion Regulation (ER) in managing stress and anxiety is well recognized. Aims: 1) assessing the level of anxiety, and the level of difficulties in emotion regulation (DER) among University Students during COVID-19, 2) investigating the effect of the emotional regulation training program on the anxiety of University Students during the COVID-19. Methods: Part I, students will be assessed for their anxiety, DER, and the general impact of COVID-19 on their lives. The students will complete Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Part II will be a Randomized Control Trial (RCT) using a pre-assessment and a post-assessment. A voluntary sample of students will randomly assigned to either a group that will receive emotion regulation training or a control group. The training program is an adapted version of DBT skills training. The training program will include mindfulness, emotion regulation, and problem-solving skills through eight 90- min group sessions.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| ER GROUP | Experimental | The training sessions were based on the Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills (Linehan, 2015). Each group received eight 90-min sessions of the emotion regulation training (one session per week) carried out by qualified clinical psychologist. The training includes group gathering, homework and telephone consultation as needed. |
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| Control group | No Intervention | They completed two assessments, 3-months apart |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotion Regulation training based on DBT | Behavioral | trained about emotion regulation and problem solving during eight 90-min group sessions |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in anxiety from Baseline to the completion of training three months later using Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) | Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI): was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck and it is a brief measure of anxiety with a focus on somatic symptoms of anxiety such as nervousness, dizziness, inability to relax (Beck et al., 1988). It has a total of 21 items that takes approximately 10-15 minutes to complete. Answers are on a 4-point Likert scale and range from 0 (not at all) to 3 (severely). The values for each item are added together to get an overall or total score for all 21 symptoms that can vary from 0 to 63 points. A total score of 0 - 7 indicates "Minimal" anxiety; 8 - 15 indicates "Mild" anxiety; 16 -25 indicates "Moderate" anxiety; and 26 - 63 indicates "Severe" anxiety | 3 months. Assessments of anxiety will be collected from all students two times, three months apart |
| Change in difficulties in emotion regulation from Baseline to the completion of training three months later using Emotion regulation difficulties Scale | The DERS is a 36-item self-reported questionnaire that assesses an individual's ability to regulate their emotions (Gratz & Roemer, 2004). Participants rate items on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = seldom to 5 = nearly frequently) to represent their self-perceived reactions to stressful emotional situations. The DERS produces an overall difficulty score in ER as well as six subscales: (a) Awareness, (b) Clarity, (c) Nonacceptance, (d) Impulsivity, (e) Goals, and (f) Strategies. Subscales are evaluated in such a way that higher values imply more difficulty. | 3 months. Assessments of DER will be collected from all students two times, three months apart |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Amani Elbarazi, Ph.D. | The British University in Egypt | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The British university in Egypt | Cairo | 11837 | Egypt |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D000080103 | Emotional Regulation |
| D000086382 | COVID-19 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D000068356 | Self-Control |
| D012919 | Social Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| D011024 |
| Pneumonia, Viral |
| D011014 | Pneumonia |
| D012141 | Respiratory Tract Infections |
| D007239 | Infections |
| D014777 | Virus Diseases |
| D018352 | Coronavirus Infections |
| D003333 | Coronaviridae Infections |
| D030341 | Nidovirales Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |