This is a single-center study comparing the effect of intravenous (IV) Lignocaine given throughout posterior spinal fusion surgery on the reduction of morphine usage during postoperative period in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients.

Study Rationale

Posterior spinal fusion (PSF) performed for the correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex surgery which result in severe postoperative pain. Early and adequate analgesia facilitates early mobilization hence reduces postoperative complications. Multimodal analgesia technique has been shown to improve perioperative pain management and significantly reduced the opioid usage and its side effects. Intravenous lignocaine infusion has been used as an analgesic adjunct for the management of acute postoperative pain in many clinical settings which include adult complex spinal surgery. However, until this date no study which examines AIS patients undergoing PSF surgeries.

Study Design

This is a prospective, double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Participants will be randomized using a sequentially numbered, opaque sealed envelope (SNOSE) method into two groups: Group A, Lignocaine and Group B, placebo. Group A will receive 1.5mg/kg IV lignocaine bolus prior to induction followed by 2mg/kg/hour of lignocaine infusion throughout surgery until wound closure in which the infusion rate will be halved to 1mg/kg/hour until the end of surgery. The same rate will be infused in the recovery room for another half an hour before patient discharge. Group B will receive saline of similar volume and rate as for Group A.

Study Intervention

The trial drugs are prepared in a 10-ml syringe for the bolus injection and an 50-ml syringe for continuous infusion. For the bolus injection, IV lignocaine 1% will be drawn into the 10-ml syringe according to the weight of the patient (0.15ml/kg) or an equal amount of 0.9% saline. The 50-ml syringe will contained either 50ml of lignocaine 1% solution or 0.9% normal saline solution. Both syringes will be labeled as Drug X.

The depth of anesthesia will be monitored using a processed electroencephalogram (EEG) monitor called Conox (commercial brand name of Fresenius Kabi, Germany depth of anesthesia monitor). There are two indices, the qCON which is the index of hypnotic effect and the qNOX which is the index of pain/nociception. A qCON value of 40-60 indicates general anesthesia state and a qNOX value of 40-60 implies that patient is unlikely to respond to noxious stimuli.

Continuous monitoring of patients will be carried out using invasive blood pressure via radial artery cannulation, heart rate, pulse oximetry and 3-lead electrocardiogram. All participants will be operated utilizing a dual attending surgeon strategy involving two senior surgeons. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring using somatosensory and motor evoked potentials will be used throughout the surgery.

All patients will be adequately fasted for at least 6 hours prior to surgery without premedication. The trial drug will be administered to the participants according to the allocation. The bolus injection will be administered over 3 minutes prior to induction followed by an infusion as per protocol. Induction of anesthesia will be performed with IV Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) of Propofol 4-6mcg/ml and TCI Remifentanil 3-5ng/ml. After tracheal intubation, patients will be ventilated with 50% Oxygen/air mixture and anesthesia is maintained with TCI Propofol 2-4mcg/ml and TCI Remifentanil 2-5ng/ml. A qCON value of 40-60 will be targeted intraoperatively. IV Dexamethasone 4mg and IV Morphine 0.5mg/kg will be administered prior to skin incision.

During the maintenance phase of anesthesia if the qCON value is outside this range for longer than 10 seconds, the concentration of Propofol will be increased or decreased by 0.5mcg/ml. After the new target concentration is reached, an additional 20 seconds will be given to bring the qCON value within the pre-established range before making further adjustments.

Upon wound closure, additional IV Morphine 0.5mg/kg will be administered with IV acetaminophen 15mg/kg and IV Ondansetron 0.15mg/kg. IV Fentanyl 0.5mcg/kg will be given prior to cessation of TCI Remifentanil at skin closure. TCI Propofol will be ceased once skin closure is completed. Participants are extubated in the operation room after completion of surgery and transfer to recovery bay for monitoring. The time of discontinuation of TCI Propofol (T0) and the time elapsed from T0 to extubation will be recorded. The qCON value at extubation will be recorded.

The trial drug is continued up to 30 minutes post-operation in the recovery room. Sedation score will be assessed using Richmond Analgesia Sedation Scale (RASS) at the interval of 15 minutes. Pain score will be evaluated using Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) at the interval of 10 minutes. Rescue bolus of IV Fentanyl 10mcg will be given every 5 minutes to treat breakthrough pain when pain score is >=4. Once the pain score is <4, Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) with morphine will be started at a concentration of 2mg/ml, a demand dose of 1mg/ml with a lockout interval of 5 minutes and a maximum dose of 20mg over 4 hours without background infusion.

Postoperative analgesia will be maintained using multimodal strategy. Participants will be continued on PCA morphine for up to 48 hours. Participants will receive IV acetaminophen 15mg/kg every 6 hours for the first 24 hour and changed to oral thereafter and oral Celebrex 200mg daily (for <35kg) or 200mg every 12 hours (for >= 35kg), NRS will be recorded every 4 hours until the patient is discharged.

Measurement of Plasma Concentration Levels of Lignocaine

5mls of blood samples will be collected from participants using Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tube 30 minutes, 2 hours, 4 hours and 8 hours after the bolus injection. Collected blood samples will be centrifuged immediately and the plasma will be transferred into cryo vials in duplicates and kept at -80 degree Celsius until further analysis.

To extract lignocaine from plasma 0.5ml volume of plasma, 0.1ml internal standard (IS) solution (500ng/ml), 0.1ml 1Molar of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and 3ml of methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) will be placed in a 4.5ml propylene tube. The content will be mixed for the minimum of 5 minutes by the shaker and then centrifuged at 3000-3500rpm for 5 minutes. The top layer will be transferred to a 4.5ml propylene tube containing 0.25ml of 0.1% Formic acid. The tube will be mixed again for the minimum of 5 minutes by the shaker and then centrifuge at 3000-3500rpm for 5 minutes. The top solvent layer will be discarded by vacuum and the remaining solution will be transferred into an autosampler vial. A 100 microliter volume will be injected into the analytical column connected to light chain mass spectrometry system. The calibration curve will be plotted by the ratio of the lignocaine/IS vs the concentration of lignocaine. The concentration of lignocaine in all samples will be calculated from the calibration curve.

Data Analysis

All data will be tabulated in a computer files and analyzed using International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) software version 25. All randomized participants will be analyzed according to their original allocation according to the (modified) intention-to-treat principle except those who deemed ineligible after randomization or the treatment is never started (such as last minute cancellation of surgery). Data normality will be assessed by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and confirm with visual inspection of the histogram. Categorical data will be presented as counts and percentage. Continuous date will be expressed as mean +/- standard deviation, or median (Q1-Q3) for data with skewed distribution. Data differences between the two groups will be computed by independent t-test or Mann Whitney U test for continuous data and the Chi square test for categorical data.

The mean plasma concentration of lignocaine will be plotted against time from bolus injection and during continuous infusion perioperatively until the infusion is discontinued.

The primary outcome, postoperative morphine consumption at 24 hour and Propofol requirements between group, will be analyzed by using independent t-test. Mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) will also be conducted to determine whether the change in the use of PCA morphine over time (at 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours and 48 hours post-surgery), the change in target effect site concentration of Propofol and remifentanil and qCON value over time are the result of the interaction between the two groups and time. If an interaction is present, the differences between group at each time point will be calculated and compared by using the independent t-test; however, if no statistical interaction is present, the main effects of the analysis will be reported. The occurrence of adverse events or complications will be compared between group by using the Chi square test. A Kaplan-Meier analysis will be conducted for time-to-first flatus, time-to-first ambulation and time to recovery from anesthesia and will be compared between group using Mantel-Cox test. A 2-sided p<0.05 is considered statistical significant.

Inclusion Criteria:

• American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II

Exclusion Criteria:

• Hypersensitivity to amide local anaesthetics/lignocaine
• Liver disease (alanine aminotransferase, ALT or aspartate aminotransferase, AST more than twice normal)
• Renal impairment (defined as estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate <= 60ml/min)
• History of cardiac disease/cardiac arrhythmia
• Epilepsy
• Intellectual disability
• Preoperative chronic pain with regular opioid usage

The medications will be prepared before induction by a nurse or doctor who is neither a member of the trial team and later handed to the anaesthetist in charge of the administration according to the trial protocol. The trial drugs are prepared in a 10-ml syringe for the bolus injection and a 50-ml syringe for continuous infusion. For the bolus injection, IV lignocaine 1% will be drawn into the 10-ml syringe will lignocaine 1% solution according to the weight of the patient (0.15ml/kg) or an equal amount of 0.9% saline. The 50-ml syringe contained either 50ml of lignocaine 1% solution or 0.9% normal saline solution.