Observational, comparative, cross-sectional study

This study was conducted on G protein-mediated estrogen receptor 1 (GPER-1), which is thought to be effective in preventing the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). There are studies proving that GPER-1 prevents neuroprotective effects and vascular pathology in many tissues. In the study, serum GPER-1 and oxidative stress biomarker levels were compared in diabetic patients and healthy control groups. GPER-1 was found to be significantly increased in diabetic patients. In addition, a positive correlation was found with oxidant markers. This may lead to new treatment models in the future.

Inclusion Criteria:

• 40 individuals were required to have Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR);
• 40 were required to have Non-PDR;
• 40 were required to be healthy, without any systemic disease.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Glaucoma,
• Ocular trauma sequelae,
• Pathological myopia,
• Non-diabetic retinopathy,
• A history of previous ocular surgery,
• Endocrine disorders (e.g.,thyroidopathy, adrenal gland disorders, pituitary pathologies),
• Opacities interfering with fundus examination (e.g., corneal opacity, lens opacity, vitreous cloudiness other than diabetic haemorrhage).

People who applied to the tertiary eye outpatient clinic