LLVA is measured by placing a 2.0-log-unit neutral density filter over the front of each eye and having the participant read the normally illuminated ETDRS chart. Initially, letters are read at a distance of 4 meters from the chart. If <20 letters are read at 4 meters, testing at 1 meter should be performed. LLVA is to be reported as number of letters read correctly by the participant.

VFQ-25 consists of a base set of 25 vision-targeted questions representing 11 vision-related constructs, plus an additional single-item general health rating question. All items are scored so that a high score represents better functioning. Each item is then converted to a 0 to 100 scale so that the lowest and highest possible scores are set at 0 and 100 points, respectively. In this format scores represent the achieved percentage of the total possible score, e.g. a score of 50 represents 50% of the highest possible score.

The widely validated EQ-5D includes 2 components, the EQ-5D descriptive system and the EQ VAS. The EQ-5D descriptive system provides a profile of the participant's health state in 5 dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression). For each dimension, the subject is instructed to indicate whether he or she has "no problems" (level 1), "slight problems" (level 2), "moderate problems" (level 3), "severe problems (level 4), or "extreme problems/inability" (level 5) on that day. For the EQ VAS, the participant is instructed to mark an "x" on a vertical scale at the point that best describes his or her own health on that day, where 0 represents the "worst health" he or she can imagine and 100 the "best health" he or she can imagine.

The HUI3 is a generic 8-item survey, which provides descriptive evidence on multiple dimensions of health status, a score for each dimension of health, and a health-related quality of life score for overall health. Health dimensions include vision, hearing, speech, ambulation/mobility, pain, dexterity, emotion and cognition. Each dimension has five or six response options. Scores on individual items are combined to given a combined health state which can then be converted to health utilities. HUI3 score ranges from 0.36 (worst) to 1 (best).

The progression of defects in visual fields will be assessed in both eyes using perimetry equipment.

MAIA microperimetry will be conducted for both eyes to assess changes other than retinal sensitivity.

The MLMT measures changes in functional vision, as assessed by the ability to navigate a course accurately and at a reasonable pace at different levels of environmental illumination.

SD-OCT measurements will be performed after dilation of the participant's pupil.

Fundus Autofluorescence will be performed after dilation of the participant's pupil to assess changes in the area of viable retinal tissue.

Seven-field colour fundus photography will be used for both eyes. Fundus photography will be performed by certified technicians following pupil dilation. Stereo photos should be performed for fields 1, 2 and 3.

Measurements will be performed after dilation of the participant's pupil.

Tonometry is used to measure eye pressure. After numbing the eye with eye drop anesthesia, the Goldmann tonometer presses against the eye. The force with which the eye pushes back is used to estimate the pressure inside the eye.

The slit lamp exam usually forms part of a comprehensive eye exam. The participant will sit in a chair facing the slit lamp with their chin and forehead resting on a support. The doctor can use this instrument to observe the eyes in detail and determine whether or not there are any abnormalities.

Dilated ophthalmoscopy is performed by dilating the participant's eye to see inside the fundus of the eye and other structures using an ophthalmoscope.

LOCS III is a slit lamp based opacification grading method. Photographs of slit lamp cross-sections of the lens are used as references for grading nuclear opalescence (NO) and nuclear color (NC), and photographs of the lens seen by retroillumination are used as references for grading cortical (C) and posterior subcapsular (P) cataract. Opacification severity is graded on a decimal scale, scores can range from 0.1 to 6.9 for NO and NC and from 0.1 to 5.9 for C and P. For each opacification type the higher grading scores indicate greater severity.