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Aim: It was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of three-dimensional scoliosis exercises and balance-coordination exercises in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
Method: Thirty patients who were diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were randomly divided into three groups. The first group was treated with 3-dimensional scoliosis exercise program according to Schroth method, second group was treated with Schroth exercises and balance-coordination exercises in addition to brace. Exercises were performed for a total of 6 weeks (18 sessions). The third group was treated only with brace and the control group consisted of healthy individuals. Patients were assessed for their curve angle (Cobb method), rotation angle (scoliometer), spinal flexibility (anterior and lateral bending tests), quality of life (Scoliosis Research Society-22), cosmetic effects (Walter Reed Visual Rating Scale), balance parameters (Balance Master System NeuroCom International Inc. Clackamas, OR, USA ver 8.1), vertical perception (Subjective Vertical Detection test) and brain responses (electroencephalography) were assessed before and after treatment. SPSS 20.0 statistical program was used for data analysis of the study.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Schroth method + brace | Experimental | 3-dimensional scoliosis exercise program according to Schroth method + brace. |
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| Schroth + balance-coordination exercises + brace. | Experimental | 3-dimensional scoliosis exercise program according to Schroth + balance-coordination exercises + brace. |
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| Brace | Experimental | Only brace treatment. |
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| healthy individuals | No Intervention | Age-matched control group |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 dimensional scoliosis exercise | Other | Schroth exercises |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Balance and postural control parameters -Weight Bearing/Squat | Weight Bearing/Squat (percentage, %): Weight bearing percentages of the right and left feet were measured at 0°, 30°, 60°, 90° knee flexion. | Change from baseline balance and postural control parameters at 6 weeks, Change from baseline balance and postural control parameters at 1 year, Change from 6th weeks balance and postural control parameters at 1 year |
| Cobb Angle | Cobb Angle (degree): The degree of curvature in the coronal plane is measured radiographically according to the Cobb method | Change from baseline Cobb angle at 1 year |
| Angle of Trunk Rotation | ATR - Angle of Trunk Rotation (degree): Measurement of trunk rotation angle/degree is the most appropriate method used in the clinical evaluation of scoliosis. | Change from baseline Angle of Trunk Rotation at 6 weeks, Change from baseline Angle of Trunk Rotation at 1 year, Change from 6th weeks Angle of Trunk Rotation at 1 year |
| Evaluation of subjective visual vertical perception | Evaluation of subjective visual vertical perception (degree): Subjects were asked to manually verticalize the deviated laser line projected on a wall 1 m away in a room that is dark enough to prevent them from taking visual references while standing. Photographs were recorded during this process. | Change from baseline subjective visual vertical perception at 6 weeks, Change from baseline subjective visual vertical perception at 1 year, Change from 6th weeks subjective visual vertical perception at 1 year |
| Electroencephalography (EEG) | In EEG recordings, epochs of 1000 ms before and 1000 ms after the stimulus were created. In these sweeps, those with amplitudes greater than ±50 μV in the EOG electrode channels and those with noise were removed. The files obtained for each individual were baseline corrected and filtered with a digital bandpass filter with 0.5 - 48 Hz limit values (12 dB/oct and zero phase shift, Neuroscan 4.5 ). After the filtering process, the mean (average) file was created for each individual. In measuring the amplitudes of the electrophysiological responses, the responses with the largest amplitudes between 0-1000 ms were measured and evaluated in µV. EEG recordings were taken from 64 channels. However, PO3, POZ and PO4 electrodes in the parieto-occipital region were investigated as these are the primary areas for visual stimuli. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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rondomized controlled trail
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| Balance Exercise | Other | Balance-coordination exercises |
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| Brace treatment | Other | Brace usage |
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| Change from baseline EEG at 6 weeks |
| The Dicotic Listening Paradigm: | There are 30 different (heteronymous) and 6 identical (homonymous) combinations for syllables. It was applied at 78.9 dB SPL (sound pressure level) in dichotic application. . Three rounds, with an average session duration of 7.5 minutes, and a total of approximately 25-30 minutes of test with intervals. In the dichotic application, the participants were first asked to respond without paying attention to any of their ears (non-forced/NF). In the following session, the participants were told to direct their attention to their right ear (forced right ear attention/FR) and to direct their attention to their left ear (forced left ear attention/FL). | Change from baseline The Dicotic Listening Paradigm parameters at 6 weeks |
| Assessment of health-related quality of life | The Scoliosis Research Society - 22 questionnaire (SRS-22) is a health-related quality of life questionnaire designed specifically for patients with spinal deformities. SRS-22 consists of the sub-headings of function, pain, body image, mental health and satisfaction with treatment and includes 22 questions in total. | Change from baseline The Scoliosis Research Society - 22 questionnaire at 6 weeks, Change from baseline The Scoliosis Research Society - 22 questionnaire at 1 year, Change from 6th weeks The Scoliosis Research Society - 22 questionnaire at 1 year |
| Balance and postural control parameters-Modified Clinical test of Sensory Interaction on Balance | Modified Clinical test of Sensory Interaction on Balance (degrees per second,°/sn): Body center of gravity is expressed as the ratio of swing speed and distance to time. Body center of gravity is the ratio between distance traveled (expressed in degrees) and trial time (10 sn). Average body center of gravity swing rate (degrees per second) i) Eyes open on hard ground, ii) Eyes closed on hard ground, iii) On soft ground, eyes open and iv) It was measured in four different situations with eyes closed on soft ground. | Change from baseline balance and postural control parameters at 6 weeks, Change from baseline balance and postural control parameters at 1 year, Change from 6th weeks balance and postural control parameters at 1 year |
| Balance and postural control parameters-Limit of stability | Limit of stability (% and °/sn): It is used to determine the limits of body stability. Reaction time (sec), movement speed (degrees / sec), end point reached (%), maximum end point (%) in 8 directions: front, right front, right, right back, rear, left back, left, left front and measurements were taken in terms of directional control (%). | Change from baseline balance and postural control parameters at 6 weeks, Change from baseline balance and postural control parameters at 1 year, Change from 6th weeks balance and postural control parameters at 1 year |