This study will evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic dosing properties of intravenous vancomycin in pediatric patients using a novel computer decision support (CDS) tool called Lyv. Dosing will be individualized based on AUC24/MIC. The results will be compared to matched historical controls.

This study is a prospective pharmacokinetic study of pediatric patients receiving IV vancomycin at the University of Maryland. Patients may be in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), the Intermediate Care Unit (IMC) or the general pediatric ward.

The study design will be comparing historical controls, who are retrospective patients that had IV vancomycin dosed based on pharmacists' calculations, to prospective patients who will have vancomycin dosing based on a clinical decision support tool.

Patients requiring IV vancomycin therapy will be selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study procedures will be explained to all patients and written informed consent will be obtained from each subject prior to enrollment.

Historical controls will be selected based on the same inclusion and exclusion criteria to minimize bias. Full HIPPA waiver will be used for these patients.

All patients who consent to enrolling in the study will have vancomycin dosing based on the Clinical Decision Support (CDS) tool. Results will be compared to historical controls. Patients must be enrolled within the first 24 hours of initiation of vancomycin.

Conventional hospital method- Historical Controls (standard of care)- retrospective:

Data will be collected from patients who were initiated on vancomycin using doses determined by the population parameter calculations. These patients will have a minimum of one serum creatinine documented. Trough concentrations of vancomycin will typically be collected 30 minutes prior to the 3rd dose. Multiple troughs may be collected and will be used for analysis.

Clinical Decision Support method (intervention group)- prospective:

Patient information will be entered into the decision support system to calculate vancomycin dose to be initiated in patients after consent is obtained. After enrollment into the study, the patients serum creatinine level, age (post-menstrual age if less than one year of age), sex, weight in kilograms, and height in centimeters will be entered into the CDS tool and a suggested dose (in mg/kg) and dosing interval (in hours) will be recommended. All doses recommended by the CDS tool must be approved by the pharmacist. If the dosing recommendation was, for any reason, overridden, then it will be recorded in the case report forms. The pharmacist will also calculate the AUC24/MIC manually. The proposed dose by the CDS tool should be within a 20% margin of error of the manually calculated dose. The pharmacist will have the option of using the proposed dosing regimen or standard dosing if there is concern with the proposed dose.

Once vancomycin has been infused, there will be one to two random levels drawn within the first 24 hours, and most optimally at least one level drawn prior to the second dose. Timing of these blood draws can vary and can be paired with other blood draws that are occurring at the same time. This information will then be entered into the CDS tool and the following dose(s) will be calculated. Standard trough levels will also be drawn at the discretion of the clinician and will also be used as data points in the CDS tool.

These levels will be entered back into the decision support system to determine if the target AUC/MIC is/will be attained and if necessary, calculate the new dose. If a new dose was required, another level will again be taken after the newly calculated dose was administered.

Subjects will participate in the study for up to 7 days. For all subjects, the number of blood samples collected for research-related vancomycin level determination will not exceed 5.

Serum Samples:

Blood samples will be obtained by nursing or medical staff or whoever routinely collects blood samples as part of the standard of care in that unit. When possible, blood samples obtained as part of routine clinical care for other laboratory assessments will be used in order to minimize the risk to the subjects. Samples can be drawn from a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC), peripheral IV, central line, arterial line, or a separate blood draw. If it is drawn from the same line that was infusing the vancomycin, adequate blood waste must occur. This includes 3 mL if <2 years old, or 5 mL if >2 years old. Serum samples will be sent to the University of Maryland laboratory. Serum vancomycin levels can only be reported by the laboratory if >5 mg/L. If it is less than 5 it will be entered as 0 into the CDS.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Hospitalized infants and children from postmenstrual age of 38 weeks to age 19 years Requiring IV vancomycin, regardless of indication
• Parent or legally authorized representative is willing to provide permission and sign the informed consent document; subjects assent, when appropriate
• Hospitalized neonates, infants, children, adolescents who require, but have not been initiated on intravenous vancomycin therapy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients who had received vancomycin during previous 2 weeks
• Patients with end-stage renal disease, receiving hemodialysis or receiving continuous renal replacement therapy
• On oral or intraperitoneal vancomycin
• Receiving extracorporeal therapy, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, continuous renal replacement therapy, and extracorporeal liver support
• Will only receive a single dose of vancomycin
• Known to be pregnant
• Is brain dead or has suspected brain death