There is no specific recommendation about antimicrobial treatment length for documented infections in chemotherapy induced febrile neutropenia. The aim of this study was to compare long versus short antibiotic course for bloodstream infection treatment in acute myeloid leukemia patients during febrile neutropenia. This monocentric retrospective comparative study included all consecutive bloodstream infection episodes among acute myeloid leukemia patients with febrile neutropenia for 3 years (2017-2019). Episodes were classified regarding the length of antibiotic treatment, considered as short course if the treatment lasted ≤7 days, except for nonfermenting bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus or lugdunensis for which the threshold was ≤10 days and ≤14 days, respectively. The primary outcome was the number of bloodstream infection relapses in both groups within 30 days of antibiotic discontinuation.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Acute myeloid leukemia
• chemo-induced febrile neutropenia
• Bloodstream infection

Exclusion Criteria:

• lack of data
• endovascular infections
• surgical treatment required
• central nervous system infections
• antibiotic treatment < 4 days
• death before the end of antibiotic treatment
• unappropriated antibiotic treatment at 48h
• relapses of bloodstream infection episodes already included
• hematopoietic stem cell transplant

All bloodstream infection episodes occuring in patients suffering from febrile neutropenia during acute myeloid leukemia between January 2017 and December 2019 in University Hospital of Poitiers were included.