Due to poor enrollment

The purpose of this research is to test the safety and effectiveness of the investigational combination of Troriluzole, ipilimumab, and nivolumab, and to learn whether this combination works in treating melanoma that has spread to the brain.

This is a multi-center, double-blind, randomized, phase II signal-detection trial with a non-randomized safety run-in to assess the efficacy and safety of adding troriluzole to ipilimumab/nivolumab induction and nivolumab maintenance in patients with melanoma that has metastasized to the brain. Measuring the shrinking or growth of melanoma in participants will allow researchers to learn about these study drugs and provide information on the safety and effectiveness of this combination in treating melanoma.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved Troriluzole as a treatment for any disease. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved nivolumab, ipilimumab, and the combination of these two drugs as treatment options for melanoma that has metastasized to the brain.

Ipilimumab and nivolumab are drugs that treat cancer by blocking certain molecules in the body. This blocking action prevents other molecules from binding to cells involved in the immune system. With these changes, the immune system is more likely to become active, and will react more intensely when activated. The immune system is able to destroy cancer cells and reduce the size of tumors, so activating the immune system is an important part of cancer treatment. Ipilimumab blocks a molecule called cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4), which normally decreases the activation of the immune system by binding to T-Cells, which are important immune system cells that can attack cancer cells. Nivolumab blocks a molecule called programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), which also normally decreases the activation of the immune system.

Troriluzole is a drug that modulates glutamate, the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the human body. The primary mode of action of Troriluzole is reducing synaptic levels of glutamate. This may change parts of the immune system in the brain, which is could improve treatment outcomes with anti-cancer drugs such as ipilimumab and nivolumab that can work in the brain. This study is testing Troriluzole's ability to increase the effectiveness of ipilimumab and nivolumab treatment in melanoma that has spread to the brain, as well as testing the safety of the combination of these three drugs.

Participation in this research is expected to last up to 4 years: 1 year of treatment and 3 years of follow up.

About 108 subjects will take part in this research.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Participants must have histologically or cytologically confirmed melanoma. All melanoma subtypes are included, except for ocular melanoma.

• Participants must have measurable disease in the brain (intraparenchymal brain metastases), defined as at least one lesion that can be accurately measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in at least one dimension as ≥5 mm and ≤ 3 cm in longest diameter. See Section 11 (Measurement of Effect) for the evaluation of measurable disease. Measurable disease in the extracranial compartment (body) is not required. Measurable lesions may not have received previous treatment with radiation therapy. Prior stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT; e.g. GammaKnife, CyberKnife) is allowed for lesions other than the lesions selected as measurable target lesions. Prior craniotomy with resection of brain metastases is allowed.

• Participants must have received prior systemic treatment with anti-PD-1 therapy (e.g. pembrolizumab, or nivolumab) in any setting (neoadjuvant, adjuvant or metastatic). Prior anti-CTLA-4 monotherapy is allowed (e.g. ipilimumab). Prior targeted therapy (e.g. BRAF inhibitors, MEK inhibitors) is allowed.

• Age ≥18 years. Because no dosing or adverse event data are currently available on the use of troriluzole in participants <18 years of age, children are excluded from this study, but will be eligible for future pediatric trials.

• ECOG performance status 0 or 1 (see Appendix A).

• Participants must have adequate organ and marrow function as defined below:

  • absolute neutrophil count ≥1,000/mcL
  • total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN), or in the case of Gilbert's disease ≤ 3x ULN
  • AST(SGOT)/ALT(SGPT) ≤3 × institutional ULN

• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected participants on effective anti-retroviral therapy with undetectable viral load within 6 months are eligible for this trial.

• For participants with evidence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the HBV viral load must be undetectable on suppressive therapy, if indicated.

• Participants with a history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection must have been treated and cured. For participants with HCV infection who are currently on treatment, they are eligible if they have an undetectable HCV viral load.

• Participants with known history or current symptoms of cardiac disease, or history of treatment with cardiotoxic agents, should have a clinical risk assessment of cardiac function using the New York Heart Association Functional Classification. To be eligible for this trial, participants should be class 2B or better.

• The effects of troriluzole on the developing human fetus are unknown. For this reason and because ipilimumab is a pregnancy category C, women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence from heterosexual intercourse) prior to study entry, for the duration of study participation, and 4 months after completion of all study drugs. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while she or her partner is participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately. Men treated or enrolled on this protocol must also agree to use adequate contraception prior to the study, for the duration of study participation, and 4 months after completion of all study drugs.

• Ability to swallow pills.

• Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Ocular subtype of melanoma.
• Cytologically confirmed leptomeningeal metastases, or convincing imaging evidence of leptomeningeal spread.
• Prior whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT).
• Prior combination therapy with concurrent ipilimumab (3 mg/kg IV) + nivolumab (1 mg/kg IV) in the 24 months prior to the date of registration.
• Participants who have had systemic therapy (immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy), radiotherapy, or major surgery within 3 weeks prior to the date of registration.
• Participants who require immediate local treatment (surgical resection or radiosurgery) of brain metastases due to neurological symptoms, or brain metastases located in sensitive areas of the brain requiring immediate local treatment.
• Participants who have required systemic steroids to manage neurologic symptoms (seizures, cerebral edema, severe headache, nausea/vomiting, etc.) within 1 week prior to the date of registration.
• Participants who are receiving any other investigational agents for cancer or neurologic disease.
• Extreme claustrophobia that would interfere with performing brain MRIs or severe allergy to gadolinium contrast.
• History of severe or life-threatening allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to troriluzole, riluzuole, ipilimumab, or nivolumab.
• Second primary malignancy that is a competing cause of death in the opinion of the treating investigator (prognosis < 6 months).
• Patients with a history of solid organ transplant, or allogeneic bone marrow transplant.
• Active autoimmune disease or any other condition requiring systemic treatment with either corticosteroids (>10 mg daily prednisone equivalents) or other systemic immunosuppressive medications within 3 weeks of registration.
• History of grade 4 immune related adverse event from prior cancer treatment, (with the exception of asymptomatic elevation of serum amylase or lipase).
• History of immune-related adverse event from prior cancer immunotherapy treatment that has not improved to grade 0-1 (with the exception of patients with ongoing thyroid, adrenal or gonadal insufficiency requiring continued medical treatment, vitiligo, or asymptomatic elevation of serum amylase or lipase).
• Participants receiving any medications or substances that are inhibitors or inducers of the liver enzyme Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2, including fluvoxamine, cimetidine, amiodarone, efavirenz, fluoroquinolones (including ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin), fluvoxamine, furafylline, interferon, methoxsalen, mibefradil, or ticlopidine. These medications must be discontinued at least 7 days prior to registration.
• Participants with uncontrolled intercurrent illness.
• Participants with psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements.
• Pregnant and nursing (breastfeeding) women are excluded from this study because the effects of troriluzole on the developing human fetus are unknown, and because ipilimumab is pregnancy category

The Dana-Farber / Harvard Cancer Center encourages and supports the responsible and ethical sharing of data from clinical trials. De-identified participant data from the final research dataset used in the published manuscript may only be shared under the terms of a Data Use Agreement. Requests may be directed to: [contact information for Sponsor Investigator or designee]. The protocol and statistical analysis plan will be made available on Clinicaltrials.gov only as required by federal regulation or as a condition of awards and agreements supporting the research.

Data can be shared no earlier than 1 year following the date of publication

Contact the Belfer Office for Dana-Farber Innovations (BODFI) at innovation@dfci.harvard.edu

Terminated with1 patient enrolled; no data due to patient privacy.

Observation period regarding adverse event was up to 5 years from the start of treatment.

Maximum grade toxicity by type was first calculated. Serious AEs were defined as events with treatment attribution of possibly, probably or definitely and grade 3 or higher per CTCAEv4. All remaining events regardless of treatment attribution were classified as Other AEs. Per the source vocabulary (CTCAEv5.0) there is a category "Other, specify" for each system organ class. No further data is available to specify classification beyond this general term.