A comparison of reproductive and obstetrical outcomes is retrospectively performed among couples that underwent ICSI-TESE cycles for obstructive and non obstructive azoospermia between January 2001 and December 2019.

Azoospermia affects almost 20% of all infertile males and It can be divided into obstructive azoospermia (OA) and nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Assisted fertilization with testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and intracytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI) has been successfully applied for its treatment.

Review of the literature shows that there is a lack of consensus about reproductive outcomes between men with OA and NOA. No study has ever investigated differences in obstetrical outcomes between these two groups before.

The objective of this study is to retrospectively determine differences in reproductive and obstetrical outcomes among couples that underwent ICSI-TESE cycles for obstructive and non obstructive azoospermia.

The primary outcomes that will be investigated include:

• Reproductive outcomes: pregnancy rate, live birth rate (LBR) and abortion rate.
• Obstetrical outcomes: twinning rate, gestational age, prematurity rate, birth weight, cesarean section rate and the rate of the main obstetrical complication, such as pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).

Inclusion Criteria for obstructive azoospermia group:

• infertility
• diagnosis of obstructive azoospermia
• ICSI-TESE cycles

Inclusion Criteria for non-obstructive azoospermia group:

• infertility
• diagnosis of non-obstructive azoospermia
• ICSI-TESE cycles

Exclusion Criteria:

• Sperm donation
• Use of ejaculated sperm
• Couples who underwent pre-implantation genetic testing

The study database will include all the couples who underwent ICSI-TESE cycles between January 2001 and December 2019 at Humanitas Fertility Center after ICSI-TESE for obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia.

ICSI-TESE cycles not reaching the stage of oocyte retrieval will be excluded.