In the pilot study among healthy volunteers, participant need to maintain their habitual diet for 4 weeks. Meanwhile, in the large-scale study among pregnant women, participants are subjected to receive general dietary advice for healthy pregnancy from attended nurses or physician during their antenatal visits.

Participants will receive dietary intervention on a traditional Asian diet which diet consists of high fiber, moderate protein, and low fat and with the inclusion of local probiotics and prebiotics food sources which are known to enhance gut health by fostering the gut colonization of beneficial bacteria and promoting the production of SCFA.

During the pilot phase the diet is given for four weeks. Meanwhile, the intervention among pregnant mothers, the intervention is given for 20 weeks considering the nature of the availability of pregnant mothers being recruited where most of them (low risk pregnancy) were given their first clinic appointment at 16 weeks of gestational age.

The personalized traditional Asian diet will be formulated based on dietary components of a typical Asian diet characterized by high intake of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, soy foods and herbs and spices; moderate intake of fish, poultry, eggs, healthy cooking oils, yogurt or functional foods and low intake of meats and sweets (Ismail et al., 2020). The diet design also considering the recommendation of personalized dietary approach by including the element of individual preferences, requirement, cultural preferences, affordability and foods availability to facilitate the adherence and response to the diet.

Maternal stool samples will be collected at three pre-determined intervals (baseline (week 16), week-28 and week-36 gestation. The gut microbiota composition will be examined using the 16s rRNA sequencing. The alpha (Shannon, Simpson and Evenness Indices) and beta diversity of the gut microbiota will be compared within and between groups.

Maternal stool samples will be collected at three pre-determined intervals (baseline (week 16), week-28 and week-36 gestation. The changes in stool SCFA concentration in (umol/g) will analyzed using the gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentration (umol/g) be compared within and between groups.

Symptoms perceived by parents/caregivers will be asked during postnatal follow-ups at day day-28, 3, 6 and 12 months of age using a validated questionnaire, the Comprehensive Early Childhood Allergy Questionnaire (CECAQ) (Minasyan A. et al.,2015). The results are then correlated with the maternal gut microbiome composition during pregnancy which was first being examined through the 16S rRNA sequencing analysis.

Symptoms perceived by parents/caregivers will be asked during postnatal follow-ups at day day-28, 3, 6 and 12 months of age using a validated questionnaire, the Comprehensive Early Childhood Allergy Questionnaire (CECAQ) (Minasyan A. et al.,2015). The results are then correlated with the maternal gut microbiome composition during pregnancy which was first being examined through the 16S rRNA sequencing analysis.

Infant's stool samples collected during the neonatal age (day-0 to day-28 post delivery). The stool DNA will be extracted to examine the gut microbiome composition through 16s rRNA sequencing. The alpha (Shannon, Simpson and Evenness Indices) and beta diversity of the gut microbiota will be correlate with the incidence of allergy.

Stool samples will be collected at three pre-determined intervals (baseline, week-2 and week-4) during study period. The gut microbiota composition will be examined using the 16s rRNA sequencing. The alpha (Shannon, Simpson and Evenness Indices) and beta diversity of the gut microbiota will be compared within and between groups.