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Data on pain after COVID-19 were generally collected from hospitalized patients and only include information on acute pain conditions. However, the characteristics of the chronic pain experienced after COVID-19 are unknown. For this reason, the treatment and recommendations for patients who present with chronic pain after COVID-19 are not clear. Our goal is to determine the characteristics and risk factors of chronic pain developing in COVID-19 patients and to create specific treatment recommendations for these patient groups with further studies.
Data on pain developing after COVID-19 were generally collected from hospitalized patients and only include information on acute pain conditions seen after the ilness. It is noteworthy that headache and musculoskeletal pain were seen common in first few weeks. However, the characteristics (mechanical, inflammatory, central sensitization, anxiety-related, etc.) of the chronic pain experienced are unknown. For this reason, the treatment and recommendations for patients who present with chronic pain after COVID-19 are not clear. Our goal is to determine the characteristics and risk factors of chronic pain developing in COVID-19 patients and to create specific treatment recommendations for these patient groups with further studies.
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Self-Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms & Signs (S-LANSS) Pain Score | The S-LANSS aims to identify pain of predominantly neuropathic origin, as distinct from nociceptive pain, without the need for clinical examination. | up to 1 year |
| The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Score | The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a self-assessment questionnaire that has been found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of anxiety and depression in the setting of hospital outpatient clinic. The HADS questionnaire has seven items each for depression and anxiety subscales. | up to 1 year |
| Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) | The Central Sensitisation Inventory (CSI) is a self-report outcome measure designed to identify patients who have symptoms that may be related to central sensitisation (CS) or central sensitivity syndromes (CSS) such as fibromyalgia, neck injury, temporomandibular joint disorder or migraine/tension headaches. CSI includes 25 questions related to common CSS symptoms. | up to 1 year |
| Self-report Demographic Questionnaire | A questionnaire made by the researchers to understand the demographic characteristics of the patients included. | up to 1 year |
| Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for Pain | The visual analog scale (VAS) is a validated, subjective measure for acute and chronic pain. Scores are recorded by making a handwritten mark on a 10-cm line that represents a continuum between "no pain" and "worst pain." | up to 1 year |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Mental retardation or mental status not eligible to answer the questionnaires
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1120 patients who had previously suffered from COVID-19 disease will be included in the study upon application to physical medicine and rehabilitation outpatient clinics with pain complaints developed after COVID-19.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ayşegül Ketenci, Professor | Professor | Study Director |
| Mert Zure, Expert | MD | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine | Istanbul | 34093 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33531833 | Background | Weng LM, Su X, Wang XQ. Pain Symptoms in Patients with Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Literature Review. J Pain Res. 2021 Jan 26;14:147-159. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S269206. eCollection 2021. | |
| 32112714 | Background | Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, Rubin GJ. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020 Mar 14;395(10227):912-920. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8. Epub 2020 Feb 26. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000086382 | COVID-19 |
| D018352 | Coronavirus Infections |
| D059350 | Chronic Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011024 | Pneumonia, Viral |
| D011014 | Pneumonia |
| D012141 | Respiratory Tract Infections |
| D007239 | Infections |
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| 15141376 | Background | Ding Y, He L, Zhang Q, Huang Z, Che X, Hou J, Wang H, Shen H, Qiu L, Li Z, Geng J, Cai J, Han H, Li X, Kang W, Weng D, Liang P, Jiang S. Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways. J Pathol. 2004 Jun;203(2):622-30. doi: 10.1002/path.1560. |
| 16253889 | Background | Eccles R. Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005 Nov;5(11):718-25. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X. |
| D014777 |
| Virus Diseases |
| D003333 | Coronaviridae Infections |
| D030341 | Nidovirales Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |