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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| K23DK125719-01 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) | NIH |
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There is an urgent need to engineer targeted physical activity interventions that are effective and scalable for obese adolescents and young adults (AYA) with type 2 diabetes (T2D), who often have very low levels of physical activity. The BEAM Trial is a mobile health (mHealth) intervention that uses behavioral economic-informed financial incentives and text messaging to promote physical activity in AYA with T2D and prediabetes.
Some secondary outcome measures from the protocol were inadvertently left out when creating the registration and have been added with the results.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Condition 1 | Experimental | 1RLD=One text per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period. |
|
| Condition 2 | Experimental | 1RLW=One text per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| Condition 3 | Experimental | 1RGD=One text per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
|
| Condition 4 | Experimental | 1RGW=One text per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| Condition 5 | Experimental | 2RLD=Two texts per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period. |
|
| Condition 6 | Experimental | 2RLW=Two texts per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1RLD | Behavioral | 1RLD=One text per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) | Effects of time spent in MVPA was measured by assessing the change in weekly mean minutes in MVPA per day from baseline | 12 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Daily Step Count | Daily step count will be measured by assessing the change in daily mean steps from baseline | 12 weeks |
| Change in BMI Z-score | Z-score calculated using "zanthro" package in Stata, according to U.S. CDC growth charts. The BMI Z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A Z-score of 0 is equal to the mean of a reference population (i.e., healthy, age and sex-matched adolescents and young adults). Negative numbers indicate values lower than the reference population and positive numbers indicate values higher than the reference population. A Z-score of 0 represents the population mean. BMI Z-scores greater than 1.645 are consistent with pediatric obesity. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh | Pittsburgh | Pennsylvania | 15224 | United States |
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n=75 participants signed consent to participate in the study. n=74 completed the baseline study visit and 2-week run-in using Fitbit. Those with insufficient Fitbit data or more than 30 minutes of moderate-vigorous physical activity daily were excluded prior to randomization (n=7).
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | 1FLD | One text per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, daily weekly goal time period. |
| FG001 | 1FLW | One text per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| FG002 | 1RLD | One text per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period |
| FG003 | 1RLW | One text per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| FG004 | 1FGD | One text per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
| FG005 | 1FGW | One text per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| FG006 | 1RGD | One text per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
| FG007 | 1RGW | One text per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| FG008 | 2FLD | Two texts per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period. |
| FG009 | 2FLW | Two texts per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| FG010 | 2RLD | Two texts per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period. |
| FG011 | 2RLW | Two texts per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| FG012 | 2FGD | Two texts per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
| FG013 | 2FGW | Two texts per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| FG014 | 2RGD | Two texts per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
| FG015 | 2RGW | Two texts per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | 1FLD | One text per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, daily weekly goal time period. |
| BG001 | 1FLW | One text per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) | Effects of time spent in MVPA was measured by assessing the change in weekly mean minutes in MVPA per day from baseline | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | minutes per day | 12 weeks |
|
from enrollment until end of follow-up, up to 3 months
Adverse events were assessed at study visits using questionnaires.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | 1FLD | One text per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, daily weekly goal time period. |
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| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anemia | Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Systematic Assessment | Participant reported new diagnosis of anemia |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Mary Ellen Vajravelu | University of Pittsburgh | 412-692-6533 | MaryEllen.Vajravelu@pitt.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Feb 22, 2022 | Aug 22, 2025 | Prot_SAP_001.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Mar 31, 2022 | Nov 4, 2024 | ICF_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| D011236 | Prediabetic State |
| D007333 | Insulin Resistance |
| D011085 | Polycystic Ovary Syndrome |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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|
| Condition 7 | Experimental | 2RGD=Two texts per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
|
| Condition 8 | Experimental | 2RGW=Two texts per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| Condition 9 | Experimental | 1FLD=One text per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period. |
|
| Condition 10 | Experimental | 1FLW=One text per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| Condition 11 | Experimental | 1FGD=One text per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
|
| Condition 12 | Experimental | 1FGW=One text per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| Condition 13 | Experimental | 2FLD=Two texts per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period. |
|
| Condition 14 | Experimental | 2FLW=Two texts per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| Condition 15 | Experimental | 2FGD=Two texts per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
|
| Condition 16 | Experimental | 2FGW=Two texts per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| 1RLW | Behavioral | 1RLW=One text per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| 1RGD | Behavioral | 1RGD=One text per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
|
| 1RGW | Behavioral | One text per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| 2RLD | Behavioral | Two texts per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period. |
|
| 2RLW | Behavioral | Two texts per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| 2RGD | Behavioral | Two texts per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
|
| 2RGW | Behavioral | Two texts per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| 1FLD | Behavioral | One text per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, daily weekly goal time period. |
|
| 1FLW | Behavioral | One text per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| 1FGD | Behavioral | One text per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
|
| 1FGW | Behavioral | One text per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| 2FLD | Behavioral | Two texts per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period. |
|
| 2FLW | Behavioral | Two texts per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| 2FGD | Behavioral | Two texts per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
|
| 2FGW | Behavioral | Two texts per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
|
| From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
| Change in Plasma Glucose | mg/dL; obtained fasting | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
| Change in Insulin | uIU/mL; obtained fasting | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
| Change in Hemoglobin A1c | Percent (%) | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
| Change in Triglycerides | mg/dL; obtained fasting | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
| Change in Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) | mg/dL; obtained fasting | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
| Change in High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) | mg/dL; obtained fasting | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
| Change in ALT | U/L | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
| Missing Fitbit data and lost to follow up |
|
| Did not attend final study visit but had Fitbit data |
|
| BG002 | 1RLD | One text per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period |
| BG003 | 1RLW | One text per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| BG004 | 1FGD | One text per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
| BG005 | 1FGW | One text per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| BG006 | 1RGD | One text per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
| BG007 | 1RGW | One text per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| BG008 | 2FLD | Two texts per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period. |
| BG009 | 2FLW | Two texts per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| BG010 | 2RLD | Two texts per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period. |
| BG011 | 2RLW | Two texts per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| BG012 | 2FGD | Two texts per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
| BG013 | 2FGW | Two texts per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| BG014 | 2RGD | Two texts per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. |
| BG015 | 2RGW | Two texts per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. |
| BG016 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Body mass index | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | kg/m^2 |
|
| Fixed Step Count Goal |
All participants assigned to fixed (versus ramped) step count goal, including 1FLD, 1FLW, 1FGD, 1FGW, 2FLD, 2FLW, 2FGD, 2FGW, |
| OG003 | Ramped Step Count Goal | All participants assigned to ramped (versus fixed) step count goal, including 1RLD, 1RLW, 1RGD, 1RGW, 2RLD, 2RLW, 2RGD, 2RGW, |
| OG004 | Loss Framed Incentive | All participants assigned to loss (versus gain) framed incentive, including 1FLD, 1FLW, 1RLD, 1RLW, 2FLD, 2FLW, 2RLD, 2RLW |
| OG005 | Gain Framed Incentive | All participants assigned to gain (versus loss) framed incentive, including 1FGD, 1FGW, 1RGD, 1RGW, 2FGD, 2FGW, 2RGD, 2RGW |
| OG006 | Daily Step Count Goal | All participants assigned to daily (versus weekly) step count goal, including 1FLD, 1FGD, 1RLD, 1RGD, 2FLD, 2FGD, 2RLD, 2RGD |
| OG007 | Weekly Step Count Goal | All participants assigned to weekly (versus daily) step count goal, including 1FLW, 1FGW, 1RLW, 1RGW, 2FLW, 2FGW, 2RLW, 2RGW |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Daily Step Count | Daily step count will be measured by assessing the change in daily mean steps from baseline | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | steps | 12 weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in BMI Z-score | Z-score calculated using "zanthro" package in Stata, according to U.S. CDC growth charts. The BMI Z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A Z-score of 0 is equal to the mean of a reference population (i.e., healthy, age and sex-matched adolescents and young adults). Negative numbers indicate values lower than the reference population and positive numbers indicate values higher than the reference population. A Z-score of 0 represents the population mean. BMI Z-scores greater than 1.645 are consistent with pediatric obesity. | Participants were censored if they started weight-altering medications, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, metformin, or insulin (n=4). BMI Z-scores were not calculated for individuals older than 20 years (n=1) | Posted | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Z-score | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Plasma Glucose | mg/dL; obtained fasting | Participants were censored if they started weight-altering medications, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, metformin, or insulin (n=4). Participants who arrived to the second study visit non-fasting had fasting-sensitive laboratory measures censored (n=1). Due to sample processing errors, n=2 additional results were missing. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | mg/dL | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Insulin | uIU/mL; obtained fasting | Participants were censored if they started weight-altering medications, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, metformin, or insulin (n=4). Due to sample processing errors, n=4 additional results were missing. Participants who arrived to the second study visit non-fasting had fasting-sensitive laboratory measures censored (n=1). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | uIU/mL | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Hemoglobin A1c | Percent (%) | Participants were censored if they started weight- or glucose-altering medications, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, metformin, or insulin (n=4). Due to sample processing errors, n=2 additional results were missing. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | % (HbA1c unit) | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Triglycerides | mg/dL; obtained fasting | Participants were censored if they started weight-altering medications, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, metformin, or insulin (n=4). Due to sample processing errors, n=2 additional results were missing. Participants who arrived to the second study visit non-fasting had fasting-sensitive laboratory measures censored (n=1). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | mg/dL | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) | mg/dL; obtained fasting | Participants were censored if they started weight-altering medications, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, metformin, or insulin (n=4). Due to sample processing errors, n=2 additional results were missing. Participants who arrived to the second study visit non-fasting had fasting-sensitive laboratory measures censored (n=1). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | mg/dL | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) | mg/dL; obtained fasting | Participants were censored if they started weight-altering medications, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, metformin, or insulin (n=4). Due to sample processing errors, n=2 additional results were missing. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | mg/dL | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in ALT | U/L | Participants were censored if they started weight- or glucose-altering medications, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, metformin, or insulin (n=4). Due to sample processing errors, n=2 additional results were missing. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | U/L | From baseline to follow-up in-person study visits, separated by 3 months |
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 5 |
| 0 |
| 5 |
| 2 |
| 5 |
| EG001 | 1FLW | One text per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 4 |
| EG002 | 1RLD | One text per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| EG003 | 1RLW | One text per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 5 |
| EG004 | 1FGD | One text per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| EG005 | 1FGW | One text per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| EG006 | 1RGD | One text per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| EG007 | 1RGW | One text per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| EG008 | 2FLD | Two texts per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| EG009 | 2FLW | Two texts per day, fixed goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 5 |
| EG010 | 2RLD | Two texts per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, daily goal time period. | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 5 |
| EG011 | 2RLW | Two texts per day, ramped goal, loss incentive, weekly goal time period. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| EG012 | 2FGD | Two texts per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| EG013 | 2FGW | Two texts per day, fixed goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| EG014 | 2RGD | Two texts per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, daily goal time period. | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| EG015 | 2RGW | Two texts per day, ramped goal, gain incentive, weekly goal time period. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
|
| Hypobetalipoproteinemia | Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Systematic Assessment | Participant was diagnosed with hypobetalipoproteinemia |
|
| Muscle strain | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment | Participants reported injuries related to minor trauma |
|
| stress fracture | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment | Participant reported stress fracture in foot |
|
| Asthma exacerbation | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment | Participant reported asthma exacerbation not requiring hospitalization |
|
| Skin irritation or rash on wrist | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment | Participants reported minor skin irritation or rash associated with Fitbit wear on wrist |
|
| Skin irritation or rash, unspecified | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment | Generalized rash |
|
| Infection | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment | Participants reported mild viral or bacterial illnesses, not requiring hospitalization |
|
| Migraine | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment | Participant reported a migraine that required medical evaluation |
|
Not provided
Not provided
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D006946 | Hyperinsulinism |
| D010048 | Ovarian Cysts |
| D003560 | Cysts |
| D009369 | Neoplasms |
| D010049 | Ovarian Diseases |
| D000291 | Adnexal Diseases |
| D005831 | Genital Diseases, Female |
| D052776 | Female Urogenital Diseases |
| D005261 | Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D000091662 | Genital Diseases |
| D006058 | Gonadal Disorders |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) |
| -2340 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -4794 |
| 115 |
Fixed step count goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). |
| Superiority |
Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using linear regression including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | -1293 | 2-Sided | 95 | -3477 | 890 | Superiority | Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using linear regression including all prespecified two-way interactions. | Loss framed incentive is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | -135 | 2-Sided | 95 | -2424 | 2153 | Daily step count goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using linear regression including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
|
| Mean Difference (Net) |
| -0.03 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -0.07 |
| 0.02 |
Fixed step count goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). |
| Superiority |
Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using linear regression including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | 0.02 | 2-Sided | 95 | -0.02 | 0.06 | Superiority | Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using linear regression including all prespecified two-way interactions. | Loss Framed Incentive is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | -0.0006 | 2-Sided | 95 | -0.04 | 0.04 | Daily Step Count Goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using linear regression including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
|
| Mean Difference (Final Values) |
| 0.00001 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -0.03 |
| 0.03 |
Fixed Step Count Goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). |
| Superiority |
Main effects were estimated using generalized linear models with log link. No interactions were included (failure to converge). |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | 0.01 | 2-Sided | 95 | -12.7 | 12.7 | Loss Framed Incentive is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects were estimated using generalized linear models with log link. No interactions were included (failure to converge). |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | -0.00002 | 2-Sided | 95 | -0.03 | 0.03 | Daily Step Count Goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects were estimated using generalized linear models with log link. No interactions were included (failure to converge). |
|
| Mean Difference (Final Values) |
| 0.0000004 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -27.9 |
| 27.9 |
Fixed Step Count Goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). |
| Superiority |
Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | -0.005 | 2-Sided | 95 | -6.9 | 6.8 | Loss Framed Incentive is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | -0.3 | 2-Sided | 95 | -126 | 125 | Daily Step Count Goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
|
| Mean Difference (Final Values) |
| 0.002 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -2.6 |
| 2.6 |
Fixed Step Count Goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). |
| Superiority |
Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | -0.00001 | 2-Sided | 95 | -0.02 | 0.02 | Loss Framed Incentive is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | -0.02 | 2-Sided | 95 | -22.8 | 22.8 | Daily Step Count goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
|
| Mean Difference (Final Values) |
| 0.0001 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -0.3 |
| 0.3 |
Fixed Step Count Goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). |
| Superiority |
Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | -0.0006 | 2-Sided | 95 | -0.8 | 0.8 | Loss Framed Incentive is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | -0.0001 | 2-Sided | 95 | -0.4 | 0.4 | Daily Step Count Goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
|
| Mean Difference (Final Values) |
| 0.09 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -44.3 |
| 44.5 |
Fixed Step Count Goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). |
| Superiority |
Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | 5.7 | 2-Sided | 95 | -2.7 | 14.2 | Loss Framed Incentive is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | -5.4 | 2-Sided | 95 | -13.3 | 2.4 | Daily Step Count Goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
|
| Mean Difference (Final Values) |
| -0.0003 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -2.3 |
| 2.3 |
Fixed Step Count Goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). |
| Superiority |
Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | 0.003 | 2-Sided | 95 | -3.4 | 3.4 | Loss Framed Incentive is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | -0.0005 | 2-Sided | 95 | -0.5 | 0.5 | Daily Step Count Goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects of each intervention factor were estimated using generalized linear models with log link, including all prespecified two-way interactions. |
|
| Mean Difference (Final Values) |
| -0.00002 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -0.03 |
| 0.03 |
Fixed Step Count Goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). |
| Superiority |
Main effects were estimated using generalized linear models with log link. No interactions were included (failure to converge). |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | 0.00002 | 2-Sided | 95 | -0.03 | 0.03 | Loss Framed Incentive is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects were estimated using generalized linear models with log link. No interactions were included (failure to converge).) |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) | -0.000003 | 2-Sided | 95 | -0.004 | 0.004 | Daily Step Count Goal is reference group. Least-squares means (marginal means) were calculated, averaging across levels of the other factors with equal weighting (asbalanced). | Superiority | Main effects were estimated using generalized linear models with log link. No interactions were included (failure to converge). |