With the increasing rise of outpatient surgery in orthopaedic procedures, the management of immediate postoperative pain has been a major topic investigated, with the use of a peripheral nerve block in combination with general anesthesia being a commonly accepted method. Foot and ankle procedures, which offer the choice of several anesthetic techniques, have increasingly been performed with this method predominantly through the combination of general anesthesia with a single-injection popliteal nerve block to reduce the substantial acute postoperative pain that often requires large opioid intake within the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). However, as a single-injection peripheral nerve block resolves off shortly following surgery, major postoperative pain, termed "rebound pain", can also arise, and has the potential to be even greater than that of patients who do not receive any peripheral nerve block with general anesthesia.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the contribution of ropivacaine concentration (0.5% versus 0.25%) of the initial bolus in continuous popliteal nerve blocks toward the rebound pain phenomena, or the quantifiable difference in pain experienced during the initial time after block resolution, in foot and ankle surgeries.

Inclusion Criteria:

• All patients undergoing foot and ankle surgeries under the care of Dr. Steven Raikin with continuous popliteal blocks at Riverview Surgical Center will be considered for enrollment.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients who present with a) known hypersensitivity to ropivacaine or to any local anesthetic agent of the amide type,
• Existing use of narcotics,
• Pregnant women,
• Individuals under the age of 18
• Procedures involving any other forms of anesthesia other than general anesthesia with a continuous popliteal nerve block.