The Shanghai Elbow Dysfunction Score (SHEDS) is originally developed in English to evaluate elbow function in patients with elbow stiffness. The purpose of this study is to translate and cross-culturally adapt the SHEDS instrument into Turkish and investigate its psychometric properties.

The Shanghai Elbow Dysfunction Score (SHEDS) is originally developed in English to evaluate joint function in patients with elbow stiffness. The purpose of this study is to translate and cross-culturally adapt the SHEDS instrument into Turkish and investigate its psychometric properties. Approximately seventy patients with elbow limitation will be included. For cross-cultural adaptation, two bi-lingual translators will use the back-translation procedure. Within a 3-to-5-day period after the first assessment, the participants will complete the Turkish version of SHEDS (SHEDS-T) to evaluate test-retest reliability. Cronbach's alpha (α) will use to assess internal consistency. The correlation with the Turkish version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, the Turkish version of Mayo Elbow Performance Score, and Short Form-12 will be determined to check the validity. Responsiveness and floor and ceiling effects will be detected.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Aged between 20 and 55 years
• Elbow fracture in the six months before the study
• Elbow limitation in flexion or extension
• Fractures should be managed with surgically
• Being able to follow simple instructions
• Being able to read and write in Turkish

Exclusion Criteria:

• Malunion or Nonunion Fracture
• The occurrence of complex regional pain syndrome, peripheric nerve injury, heterotopic ossification, myositis ossification or post-traumatic ankylosing
• Non-healing wound or infection
• Previously received physiotherapy for elbow limitation
• Having any cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, rheumatic diseases or psychiatric diseases
• Shoulder, elbow or wrist movement limitation in contralateral upper extremity or absence of limbs in the contralateral upper extremity

All participants are patients who had sustained an elbow fracture and are treated surgically. The participants with elbow stiffness after an elbow fracture are directed for assessment following a confirmation by an orthopaedist that the bone fracture healed based on the physical examinations and diagnostic imaging.