Efficacy of Self-administered Hypnosis for the Complementary Management of Anxiety and Dyspnea During Pulmonary Rehabilitation: A 2-armed Randomized Controlled Trial
Efficacy of Self-administered Hypnosis for the Complementary Management of Anxiety and Dyspnea During Pulmonary Rehabilitation: A 2-armed Randomized Controlled Trial
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are prone to breathlessness, chest tightness and other anxiety-inducing symptoms. Medical therapy for the condition focus on improving these symptoms and preventing exacerbations. However, as the disease progresses, pharmacological therapies become less and less effective. Patients with advanced COPD often feel less benefit from the treatment in terms of relief from their symptoms and relief from anxiety about their breathing. Hypnosis is known to induce immediate changes in how a person thinks and experiences their body. These changes can break vicious cycles of anxiety. Hypnosis has already been used successfully people with breathing problems to reduce anxiety and improve breathing. This trial aims to investigate the effect of hypnosis as a complementary technique for the self-management of breathlessness and anxiety during a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program (PRP). As a secondary measure, the investigators aim to uncover whether the use of self-hypnosis remains useful during the three months following the PRP, after discharge from hospital.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent and debilitating respiratory condition characterized by chronic airflow limitation, increased respiratory rate, dyspnea and other persistent respiratory symptoms. Growing evidence associates dyspnea to a higher risk of experiencing anxiety, depression and suicidality. In stable COPD, the prevalence of clinical depression ranges between 10% and 42%, and prevalence of anxiety between 10% and 19%. A definitive causal link between these conditions can be hard to establish: symptoms of depression, anxiety and COPD frequently overlap. However, the management of these comorbidities in tandem with COPD is of central importance, as evidence has shown that the alleviation of anxiety symptoms can improve COPD prognosis and increase rehabilitation completion rates. The American Thoracic Society consensus statements on COPD have acknowledged that medical and pharmacological treatments, when used alone, are of limited efficacy for the relief of dyspnea and anxiety in people with advanced COPD. Psychological and complementary management of COPD has been strongly encouraged, and evidence in its favor has been promising so far. Furthermore, because of the interactions between anxiety, depression and chronic dyspnea, it has been proposed that proper assessment and comprehensive management of COPD could constitute a Human Rights matter, and psychological care together with well-informed choice of intervention should be a fundamental complement to standard treatment. The GOLD initiative for COPD acknowledges the benefits from cognitive behavioral therapy and mind-body interventions (mindfulness-based therapy, yoga, relaxation and others) for managing anxiety and depression in patients with COPD. However, despite its numerous advantages (rapid effect, easy and fast implementation, virtually no effort required on behalf of the patient) the efficacy of hypnosis for COPD complementary anxiety management remains scarcely evaluated.
In HYPNOBPCO_1, the investigators found that COPD-related anxiety responded positively to hypnosis (vs sham). The investigators found that a scripted, 15-minute hypnosis session improved anxiety levels, respiratory rate and arterial oxygen saturation. In particular, anxiety as assessed through STAI-6 scores (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - 6 items), decreased a mean percentage of (Standard Deviation [SD]) -23.8% [18.4] after the hypnosis session (χ2=28, Degrees of Freedom=1, P < 0.0001, Bayes Factor = 1212), equivalent to an 11.2 [9.2] point reduction in STAI-6 score. The difference in anxiety improvement between hypnosis and sham was itself significant (χ2=8, DF=1, P < 0.01, BF = 5.5).
HYPNOBPCO_2 seeks to answer some of the queries that were beyond the scope of its predecessor. The investigators intend to evaluate the efficacy of hypnosis as complementary care during a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program (PRP). This long-duration protocol will focus on the complementary management and self-management of chronic anxiety in COPD patients through hypnosis. The investigators shall evaluate if the positive effects of hypnosis withstand repeated use, persist when hypnosis is self-administered, and estimate their general impact on psychological and physiological outcomes of COPD patients admitted for a PRP in the PRP conducted by the Centre Hospitalier de Bligny (CHB).
**Baseline Characteristics**
Information other than clinical endpoints of interest is included, to control for confounds and ensure both arms remain comparable:
Age: in years. Sex: male/female CI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1s; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV1/FVC: Tiffeneau score; BODE Index: BODE composite score for gravity assessment; mMRC score: Modified Research Council Questionnaire; PaO2: oxygen partial arterial pressure; PaCO2: carbon dioxide partial arterial pressure; GOLD: Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease 2006 and 2011 criteria (1-4/A-D); Oxygenotherapy: Long term (LTO) or ambulatory. HADS score: Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale score. 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance test; CAT: COPD assessment test; MDP: Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile. STAI-6 score: State-trait anxiety inventory - 6 item version. Anxiety-related psychoactive drug intake: dosage/frequency Morphine use: dosage/frequency **Data dictionary** Descriptions of each variable are provided. This dictionary bridges the English terminology with the standard French lexicon used by the CHB throughout PRP and standard hospitalization.
6MWT: 6 minute Walk Test BMI: Body Mass Index BPCO: Bronchopneumopathie Chronique Obstructive (equivalent to COPD) CAT: COPD Assessment Test CHB: Centre Hospitalier de Bligny (Bligny Hospital Center) COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (equivalent to BPCO) VEMS: Volume expiratoire maximal/seconde (equivalent to FEV1) VEMS/CV: Volume expiratoire maximal/seconde/Capacité Vitale (equivalent to Tiffeneau score) FR: Fréquence Respiratoire (eq. to Respiratory Rate) CV/CPT: Capacité Vitale/Capacité Pulmonaire Totale (eq. to FVC over total lung capacity).
GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease HAD: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale MDP: Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile mMRC: modified Medical Research Council scale PRP: Programme de Réhabilitation Pulmonaire (eq. to Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program) SpO2: Saturation d'Oxygène - saturation pulsée (eq. pulsated oxygen saturation) STAI-6: State-trait Anxiety Inventory - 6 Item version VO2peak: Peak Oxygen Uptake VSRQ: Visual Simplified Respiratory Questionnaire WRpeak: Peak Work Rate CCI: Charlson comorbidity index.
Results will be reported in English.
**Quality assurance plan** Data validation and registry procedures will be monitored and validated by the Quality Control Agent(s) selected by the sponsor. The expert(s) will be independent from the trial.
**Data checks** Data will be entered into a secured digital registry, following a predefined format. Data forms were developed under the supervision of CHB's care providers and chest physicians, who assessed data collection feasibility. Consistency across data fields will be checked at the beginning and end of each PRP.
**Source data verification** Digital data will proceed directly from CHB's patient records, and from paper forms containing all outcomes not already comprised by standard health monitoring during PRP. Digital records will be compared to paper records prior being send for data analysis, to ensure validity.
**Standard Operating Procedures** Operating procedures have been agreed upon prior trial registration. Care providers in the CHB will approach PRP patients and advertise the trial. Patients interested in the trial will be provided with a detailed leaflet explaining the trial's layout and goal (partially masking hypothesis to prevent motivation biases). Patients who decide to participate will be screened for inclusion criteria. Those who follow inclusion criteria will be asked to sign an informed consent and be told that they will be included in either the Hypnosis Arm or the Dynamic Relaxation Arm. At that time, a unique random 3-digit numerical ID will be assigned to each patient to ensure participant anonymity throughout the trial. Importantly, the CHB can only conduct one PRP at the time, and patients participating of said PRP are in contact with each other during group activities (under strict safety protocols). Hence, it was deemed impractical to conduct both arms of the study simultaneously during a single PRP instance. Main concerns included patients sharing self-hypnosis and relaxation techniques with each other across arms, and the generation of motivation biases or attrition out of wanting to switch groups. Since it is fundamental that the trial is conducted in conditions close to a normal CHB's PRP, separation of the participants or prevention of group activities were discarded. Hence, all patients participating of a given PRP instance will be inscribed in either the Active Control or Treatment arm of the trial. To ensure a balanced randomization under these circumstances, a hospital representative will produce an amount of sealed envelopes equal to the total amount of PRPs that will compose the entire trial. Half of the envelopes will assign "Active Control" as intervention, and the other half will assign "Treatment". Before the beginning of each PRP, one envelope will be drawn at chance. This envelope will determine which intervention will take place during that PRP. Neither the care-givers, the patients or the investigators will have any influence or prior knowledge on which envelop is drawn, nor will they have the possibility to refuse drawing outcome. Data will be collected through paper forms by care providers involved in the trial. Digitalization will be performed on anonymized data exclusively. Arms will remain masked to investigators in charge of analyzing outcome changes. Special adverse effect forms have been made available to care providers, and a pipeline with the sponsor to report adverse events and enact a potential emergency stop of the trial have been established.
**Sample size assessment** Results from HYPNOBPCO_1 indicate that a sample of N=20 are sufficient to detect an instant, transient effect of hypnosis over anxiety. However, HYPNOBPCO_2 targets lasting effects of hypnosis over anxiety, influence of repeated use, self-administration, and impact on PRP concurrent outcomes. Thus, larger samples may be needed. Preliminary effect-size analyses for primary outcomes will be conducted once the threshold of 20 patients is achieved. These values will then be used in an a-priori simulation-based power analysis (power >= 80%, alpha=0.05) to estimate desired sample size. Recruitment will continue until the target established by this prior analysis is reached. If required sample size exceeds 100 participants (50 patients per arm), continuation of the trial will be subjected to deliberation (due to material limitations of the CHB). If the sponsor and the investigators agree, the trial will be pursued beyond 100 participants and the record will be amended.
**Plan for missing data** The investigators will conduct our statistical analyses using mixed-effect models. This will allow us to retain participants even if some data instances remain unavailable, or are considered uninterpretable because of data inconsistencies or out-of-range results. However, participants presenting half or more instances of missing data will be excluded.
**Statistical analysis plan** The investigators will performed data analysis using R. The investigators will consider the differences between baseline and outcome scores. The investigators will also contrast these differences across interventions (Hypnosis vs Relaxation). Indicators will be modeled by implementing linear (mixed) models, with a random intercept per participant. A hierarchical modeling approach will allow us to account for individual participant differences, and for imbalances in sample size across factors and levels. Significance tests will be computed by means of likelihood ratio tests that compare our models to simpler models, in which the relevant predictor will be removed. ANOVA tables will be computed through Analysis of Deviance (Type II Wald χ2 test), and post hoc pairwise comparisons through Tukey contrasts of least-squares means, setting a 95 % CI. Findings will be considered statistically significant when P value <0.05.
To prove lack of effect the investigators will calculate an approximation of the Bayes Factor from the Bayesian Information Criterion, for the saturated and null models implicated in the contrast (BIC approximation to BF, so that BF = exp ((BICnull-BICfull)/2)). The BF will account for the strength of evidence in favor of the full model, meaning BF < 1 equal virtual lack of effect, and BF > 2 equal a strong, noteworthy effect.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: