Patients who undergo various common surgical procedures

Cardiac & large intrathoracic vessels, respiratory, thoracic, mediastinal & diaphragmatic procedures

Pain related to the surgical procedure measured as average pain intensity on rest or movement using 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS; 0-10) where 0=no pain and 10=worst pain imaginable and/or average pain interference using 11-point NRS among any one of seven short-form Brief Pain Inventory items (general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work (including housework), relations with other people, sleep, enjoyment of life) in the past one week, where 0=pain does not interfere and 10=pain completely interferes.

Acute post surgical pain intensity in the first 3 hours after surgery measured as pain at rest using 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS; 0-10) where 0=no pain and 10=worst pain imaginable.