The recent approval of ICB treatments targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) by the US Food and Drug Administration has offered an improved treatment chance for a variety of malignant tumors, including those with a particularly poor prognosis. However, a growing number of studies and case reports show that immunotherapy may accelerate tumor progression in a significant subset of patients ranging from 9% to 27% across multiple histologies and lead to so-called hyperprogressive disease (HPD) that leads to a rapid patient death.

During this NIS study, Asylia Diagnostics aims to fill in the first layer of knowledge leading to the identification of predictive biomarkers and biological mechanisms that could be used for the prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of melanoma and NSCLC HPD patients.

The study is a retrospective clinical study. During this study basic historical medical information and scrolls from FFPE-preserved biopsies taken prior to immunotherapy treatment will be collected. The nature of the study is not invasive and non interruptive to the standard of care.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Females and males 18-95 y.o.
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 or 1 (Karnofsky >/=70%)
• Histologically or cytologically confirmed melanoma or lung cancer, the grade of the tumor, diagnosed before enrolment into the study.
• Treatment with anti-PD1/anti-PD-L1 drugs and anti-PD1/anti-PD-L1 drugs in combinations with other therapies
• Subjects may have received any number of prior lines of chemotherapy or targeted therapies
• Availability of FFPE tissue samples received prior to any type of antitumor treatment start
• Complete medical records (stage, receptors status, demographic data)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Has had chemotherapy, targeted small molecule therapy, or radiation therapy >30 Gray within 14 days prior to the baseline biopsy or persistent adverse events (AE) related to prior therapy, which have not recovered (i.e., AEs should be ≤Grade 1 or ≤the value collected at baseline) from AEs due to a previously administered intervention
• Any evidence of uncontrolled system pathology, active infections, active bleeding diathesis, renal graft, hepatitis B, C or HIV.
• Autoimmune diseases such as Addison's disease, thyroiditis, lupus (SLE), Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, myasthenia gravis, Grave's disease, and Goodpasture's syndrome, requiring active therapy with corticosteroids. If a patient has been taking steroids, at least 2 weeks must have passed since the last dose. Patients with a history of endocrinopathies (e.g. hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, hypopituitarism) are eligible if they are stable on hormone replacement therapy.
• Patients with prior splenectomy, ocular melanoma
• Recent (within 1 year) history of another cancer with the exceptions of non-melanoma skin cancer, superficial bladder cancer, or localized cervical cancer
• Pregnant patients

Subjects treated by immune checkpoint inhibitors