Participants underwent intervention.

Participants received no intervention.

The MBSR program included weekly 2.5-hour sessions in a group format over eight weeks, plus a 1-day retreat. Formal practices included several types of meditation, such as mindful breathing, sitting meditation, walking meditation, gentle hatha yoga, body scan, and mindful awareness. Participants were asked to practice at home for 20 minutes daily, six days a week.

PCL-IV is a self-report measure of 17 DSM-IV symptoms of PTSD. A total symptom severity score (range = 17-85) was obtained by summing the scores from each of the 17 items that have response options ranging from 1 "Not at all" to 5 "Extremely. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms of PTSD. Participants were evaluated by a study coordinator at a baseline visit, at 4 weeks for a mid-treatment measure, at 8 weeks for a posttreatment measure, and at 12 weeks for a one month follow-up assessment. Effects of the intervention were assessed using repeated measures, mixed model analysis of mean scores for each of the outcomes at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The magnitude of treatment effect was calculated by Cohen's d for each treatment defined as the baseline to 8 week or 12 week change in mean score divided by the standard deviation of the change in scores.

The 21-item BDI-II is a widely-used, standardized, validated self-reporting measure of depressive symptom severity. It addresses affective, behavioral, biological, cognitive, and motivational symptoms of depression. Participants rated statements from 0 to 3 to indicate the level which best described the severity of the symptoms experienced. The ratings were summed to a total score, with ranges of 4-9 indicating "normal," 10-18 "mild," 9-29 "moderate to severe," and ≥ 30 indicating "severe." Scores range from 0 - 40. Higher scores indicate worse depressive symptoms. Effects of the intervention were assessed using repeated measures, mixed model analysis of mean scores for each of the outcomes at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The magnitude of treatment effect was calculated by Cohen's d for each treatment defined as the baseline to 8 week or 12 week change in mean score divided by the standard deviation of the change in scores.

The PSQI is a 19-item self-reported inventory providing measures of daytime dysfunction, sleep latency, duration, disturbance, quality, and efficiency, which are arranged into seven component scores. Each item is rated 0 (best) to 3 (worst); the component sums are added together, ranging from 0 (worst) to 21 (best), providing a global PSQI score. Higher scores indicate worse sleep quality.